Environmental Movement Essay Example

Environmental Movement Paper Due to its large membership, varying and strong beliefs, and occasionally speculative nature, the environmental movement is not always united in its goals. At its broadest, the movement includes private citizens, professionals, religious devotees, politicians, and extremists. History of the movement The roots of the modern environmental movement can be traced to attempts in 1 9th-century Europe and North America to expose the costs of environmental negligence, notably disease, as well as widespread air and water pollution, but only after the Second World War did a wider awareness gin to emerge. The US environmental movement emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, with two key strands: preservationist such as John Mir wanted land and nature set aside for its own sake, while conservationists such as Gifford Ponchos wanted to manage natural resources for human use. Among the early protectionists that stood out as leaders in the movement were Henry David Thoreau, John Mir and George Perkins Marsh. Thoreau was concerned about the wildlife in Massachusetts; he wrote Walden; or, Life in the Woods as he studied the wildlife from a cabin. John Mir founded the Sierra Club, one of the largest conservation organizations in the United States. Marsh was influential with regards to the need for resource conservation. Mir was instrumental in the creation of Yosemite national park in 1890. Mir was also personally involved in the creation of Sequoia , Mount Rainier , Petrified Forest and Grand Canyon national parks. Mir deservedly is often called the Father of Our National park System. During the sass, sass, and sass, several events illustrated the magnitude of environmental damage caused by humans. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Movement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1954, the 23 man crew of the Japanese fishing vessel Lucky Dragon 5 was exposed to radioactive fallout from a hydrogen bomb test at Bikini Atoll. The publication of the book Silent Spring (1962) by Rachel Carson drew attention to the impact of chemicals on the natural environment. In 1967, the oil tanker Torero Canyon went aground off the southwest coast of England, and in 1969 oil spilled from an offshore well in Californians Santa Barbara Channel. In 1971 , the conclusion of a law suit in Japan drew international attention to the effects Of decades Of mercury poisoning on the people of Inanimate. At the same time, emerging scientific research drew new attention to existing and hypothetical threats to the environment and humanity. Among them were Paul R. Earlier, whose book The Population Bomb (1968) revived concerns about the impact of exponential population growth. Biologist Barry Commoner generated a debate about growth, affluence and flawed technology. Additionally, an association of scientists and political leaders known as the Club of Rome published their report The Limits to Growth in 1972, and drew attention to the growing pressure on natural resources from human activities. Meanwhile, technological accomplishments such as nuclear proliferation and photos of the Earth from outer space provided both new insights and new reasons for concern over Earths seemingly small and unique place in the universe. In 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm, and for the first time united the representatives of multiple governments in discussion relating to the state of the global environment. This conference led directly to the creation of government environmental agencies and the UN Environment Program. The United States also passed ewe legislation such as the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the National Environmental policy Act- the foundations for current environmental standards. By the mid-sass anti-nuclear activism had moved beyond local protests and politics to gain a wider appeal and influence. Although it lacked a single co-ordination organization the anti- nuclear movements efforts gained a great deal of attention. In the aftermath of the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, many mass demonstrations took place. The largest one was held in New York City in September 1979 and involved 200,000 people; speeches were given by Jane Found and Ralph Ender. Since the sass, public awareness, environmental sciences, ecology, and technology have advanced to include modern focus points like ozone depletion, global climate change, acid rain, and the potentially harmful genetically modified organisms . Scope of the movement Before flue-gas desertification was installed, the air-polluting emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide. Environmental science is the study of the interactions among the hysterical, chemical and biological components of the environment. Ecology, or ecological science, is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how these properties are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. Modern environmentalism Today, the sciences of ecology and environmental science, rather than any aesthetic goals, provide the basis Of unity to most serious environmentalists. As more information is gathered in scientific fields, more scientific issues like biodiversity, as opposed to mere aesthetics, are a concern. Conservation biology is a rapidly developing field. Environmentalism now has proponents in business: new ventures such as those to reuse and recycle consumer electronics and other technical equipment are gaining popularity. Computer liquidators are just one example. In recent years, the environmental movement has increasingly focused on global warming as a top issue. As concerns about climate change moved more into the mainstream, from the connections drawn between global warming and Hurricane Strain to AY Gores film An Inconvenient Truth, many environmental groups refocused their efforts. In the United States, 2007 witnessed the largest grassroots environmental demonstration in years, Step It up 2007, with rallies in over 1 ,400 communities and all 50 states for real global warming solutions. Many religious organizations and individual churches now have programs and activities dedicated to environmental issues. The religious movement is often supported by interpretation of scriptures. Most major religious groups are represented including Jewish, Islamic, Anglican, Orthodox, Evangelical, Christian and Catholic. Radical environmentalism Radical environmentalism emerged out of an egocentrics-based frustration tit the co-option of mainstream environmentalism. The radical environmental movement aspires to what scholar Christopher Manes calls a new kind of environmental activism: iconoclastic, uncompromising, discontented with traditional conservation policy, at time illegal Radical environmentalism presupposes a need to reconsider Western ideas of religion and philosophy (including capitalism, patriarchy[l O] and globalization)[1 1] sometimes through rescanning and reconnecting with nature. 10] Greenback represents an organization with a radical approach, UT has contributed in serious ways towards understanding Of critical issues, and has a science-oriented core with radicalism as a means to underexposure. Groups like Earth First! Take a much more radical posture.

Nutritional Competency Essays - Meals, Breakfast, Snack, Free Essays

Nutritional Competency Essays - Meals, Breakfast, Snack, Free Essays Howard University College of Dentistry Dental Hygiene Department Nutritional Competency Comprehensive Dental Periodontology Nicole Patrice Johnson Professor Sandra Osborne 11/23/2015 Patients Nutritional Daily Log (3 Days 5/17/15 5/19/15) FOOD DIARY NAME_ Veronica Strong-Davis________ TEL_______123-123-3234____________ AGE_____57________SEX_____F____ Date: 5/17/2015 Type of Foods/BeverageQuantity Eaten (cup, oz, tbsp.,tsp,etc)Preparation Method BREAKFAST Toast2 SlicesToasted Eggs2 EggsBoiled Grits1 cupMicrowave Orange juice8 oz SNACK Crackers5 LUNCH Soup (vegetables) from Olive Garden 2 bowls Breadsticks2 Butter1 tsp Sprite1 can SNACK Snack Bar1 bar DINNER Chicken1 BreastBaked Mashed Potatoes1 CupStove Top Mixed Veggies1 CupSteamed SNACK Twix 2 bars Date: 5/18/2015 Type of Foods/BeverageQuantity Eaten (cup, oz, tbsp., tsp,etc)Preparation Method BREAKFAST Toast2 SlicesToasted Eggs2 EggsBoiled Water16 oz LUNCH Salad 2 cupsTossed Salad from Panaera Ranch Dressing2 Tsb Wheat crackers5 Pepsi1 can SNACK DINNER Salmond1 fishBaked Corn Bread1 SquareBaked Mixed Veggies1 CupSteamed SNACK Date: 5/19/2015 Type of Foods/BeverageQuantity Eaten (cup, oz, tbsp., tsp,etc)Preparation Method BREAKFAST Bread w/Jelly1Toasted Eggs2 EggsBoiled Grits1 cupMicrowave SNACK Crackers3 LUNCH Breadsticks3 Chicken Marcella (Olive Gardens)1 plateBaked Cesar Salad1 bowl Wine1 glass SNACK Snack Bar1 bar DINNER Chicken1 BreastBaked Mashed Potatoes1 CupStove Top Salad 2 Cups Vinegar Dressing2 Tsb Water32 Oz SNACK Grapes25 Twix 2 bars Nutritional Counseling When sugars or other fermentable carbohydrates are ingested, the resulting fall is dental plaque pH caused by organic acids increases the solubility of calcium hydroxyapatite in the dental hard tissues and demineralization occurs, as calcium is lost from the tooth surface. Her daily food diary poses many deficits. She is receiving 1/6 of the allowance of grains she needs, which is 6 ounce. During the intake of vegetables she does consume more than half of the recommended allowance of 2.5 cups where vegetables are needed. In attempt to consume the total 3 cups of diary required, I suggested that she increase her milk consumption since she states that she likes to drink milk. Her protein intake is relatively good despite her demanding daily routine. I did advise her to ascertain healthier options on her choice of protein sources, such as baked chicken and lean meat. In reviewing the patients daily routines and eating habits, she was informed that she consumes a large quantity of carboh ydrates (pasta, bread, etc). She also consumes a light to moderate amount of sweets, especially in the evening hours. She does consume fruits and vegetables; however, it is not the daily-recommended amount. The patient finds it very difficult to maintain proper eating habits while on the road, since she travels much of the day for her job as a real estate agent. Each time you eat, you create an environment for oral bacteria to develop. So making a habit of eating too much of just about anything, too frequently, should be avoided. Though her diet provides less than satisfactory nutritional value, she does not suffer from corpulence. She is, however, advised that because of her age, medical history, and family history, to increase her intake of fruits and vegetables, and limit the intake of carbs. I suggest to the patient to pack an insulated lunch box, that will keep her food cool, and bring items with her that she can eat while traveling across the city. Planning is an effective way to make sure that you receive all the necessary nutrients you need while on the go. Think about where youll be and what you can make or bring for quick meals and snacks. Make a grocery list and stock the refrigerator and pantry with essentials that can be packed ahead of time for breakfast on the go or lunch in the car. Choose salads with lean protein like chicken or fish, vegetable or grilled chicken wraps, or vegetable- and broth-based soups for the lowest fat and calorie choices. Choose water over high-sugar sodas or sweetened beverages. When at a restaurant, there are certain menu options that are geared towards individuals that are on a low sodium/low carb diet. Since she takes her clients to restaurants for lunch, I advised her to choose foods that are steamed in their own juices, broiled, baked, roasted, poached and lightly sauted. She states that her favorite meal to consume at Olive Garden is the chicken alfredo, I advised whole hardily against this food option. I presente d to the patient the nutritional value for that particular dish contains over 1100 calories and 40 grams of fat. I then introduced her to choose a healthier option, stick instead with grilled seafood, such as the grilled salmon. Not only is it more health-conscious, but also the omega-3 in the fish is beneficial as a form of healthy fat. When discussing her physical pursuit, she states that she tries to go to the gym when she can. While the proposed nutritional

Ellen's analysis speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ellen's analysis speech - Essay Example The speech was well organized because it began on a light note with humor and proceeded to more serious sections of illustrations and facts before it ended with jokes and humor. The impact of this style enhanced the aesthetics of the speech. It also contributed to the aspect of memorability. The transitions were evident in the course of the speech. They were mainly noted in the rising and falling of pitch in different parts of the speech. Parts of humor were highlighted in a high pitch while factual parts were captured in a low and serious pitched voice. The effect was to capture and retain the attention of the audience. The speaker’s introduction was effective. She began the speech on a high note and enlisted humor to capture the attention of the audience. The introduction prepared the audience for the captivating details in the rest of the speech. The speaker’s conclusion was effective because it provided a summary of the major themes discussed. The conclusion also eased the attention of the audience through the relaxation of tone and mood. It also involved some sense of humor through the jokes used. Credibility of the story was used through reference to personal experiences. It was also enhanced by incorporating details of current affairs and information. This combination enhanced the factual representation of the core issues of the speech. The speaker’s facial expression and body movement were consistent with the verbal aspects of the speech. She did not exaggerate her gestures and appeared to command some balance in the aspect of presentation. However, her last minute dancing seemed to go slightly beyond expectations. The speaker was effective in her facial expressions. She changed her facial expressions at different parts of the speech to demonstrate change of tone and mood. This strategy provides the means of adjusting the expectations and concentration of the audience. The speaker was sufficiently effective in her vocal

How did the modern states of Iraq, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon come Research Paper

How did the modern states of Iraq, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon come into being, and what role did Britain and France play in their formation - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the French controlled Ottoman Syria now the modern Syria2. With the formation of these territories after the war, the French and the British took over them and ensured that they became formal by the League of Nations systems of mandate. In this case, the French were assigned the Syria mandate by 19233. The mandate included the present-day Lebanon and the modern Syria. On its part, the British got Southern Iran and Jordan from Baghdad to Basra. However, the French later on gave up the Northern part of Iran in exchange for oil revenues at 2 percent. Through the mandate created, it is quite evident that France and Britain played significant roles in the formation of the modern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan after the war. The drawing of the four states was primarily based on the exploitation of diverse sectarian make

Movie response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Movie response paper - Essay Example It shows how the salient players like the Treasury Secretary, Henry Paulson, Ben Bernanke, the then Chairman of the Federal Reserve, and corporate bigwigs like Dick Fuld, John Thain and Lloyd Blankfein engaged in intense strategic bargaining, planning and machinations to prevent the national financial system from falling down on its knees. The primary premise of the movie is that it was indeed imperative and pragmatic to rescue the ailing banks and financial institutions by making them gel with the healthy ones, and the direct capital bailouts facilitated by the then government through contriving supportive statutory measures were necessary and must. Too Big to Fail does help the audience put the whole economic crisis into context by assigning to it a human face. It to a large extent accurately showcases the chain of events that preceded and followed this debacle and as to how the important state and corporate personalities tried to manage the much feared fall. The movie does manage to weave the basic dynamics underlying the 2008 meltdown with apt clarity and accuracy and does show as to how some of the most important people whom the Americans trusted the national economy with, acted in a selfish, irresponsible and unprofessional manner, which eventually precipitated an economy riding on the illusory real estate boom. However, contrary to the perceptions of many common citizens, Too Big to Fail does not present these people in a negative light, but rather presents them as individuals who merely made some mistakes. In that sense the movie is somewhat soft on the very people who actually created that crisis. For example, even Richard Fuld, the CEO of Lehman, who was a prime player in the speculative financial machinations that added to the overall debacle, is portrayed as a sincere manager working hard to save the organization he worked for. Yet, in a historical context, the movie does try to set aside the emotive content marking the

Study Of Blue Eye Technology

Study Of Blue Eye Technology Blue eye is the technology to make computers sense and understand human behavior and feelings and react in the proper ways. The blue eye technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings. It uses non-obtrusive sensing method, employing the most modern video cameras and microphones to identify the users actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities. The machine can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states. This paper outlines the system over view, design features besides hardware part. The concept of the technology is the system recognizes through its various modules the basic emotions and feelings evinced by the user. This paper brings out the features of this technology, the various methods of giving the inputs to the system, design challenges and the emerging trends. Application of this technology in areas like automobile, surveillance system etc. is also dealt with. THE TERM BLUE EYE: BLUE in the term stands for Bluetooth, which enables reliable wireless communication. EYE, because the eye movement enables us to obtain a lot of interesting and important information. BASIC IDEA: In general, the blue eye technology aims at : creating interactive computer. computer acts as partner (and friend) to the user. realizes his physical or emotional states. gives computer human power. provide technical means for monitoring and recording operator physiological conditions Design smarter devices . Create devices with emotional intelligence . Create computational devices with perceptual abilities. BLUE EYE TECHNOLOGY: The complex solution for human-operator monitoring: Visual attention monitoring Physiological condition Operators position detection Wireless data acquisition using Bluetooth Real time user defined alarm triggering Recorded data playback Gesture recognition, Facial recognition, Eye tracking, Speech recognition, Doesnt predict nor interfere with operators thoughts Cannot force directly the operator to work SYSTEM OVERVIEW: Blue eye system provides technical means for monitoring and recording the operators basic physiological parameters. The most important parameter is saccadic activity ( Saccade is a rapid eye jump to a new location assigned by the conscious attention process), which enables the system to monitor the status of the operators visual attention along with head acceleration, which accompanies large displacement of the visual axis (saccades larger than 15 degrees). Complex industrial environment can create a danger of exposing the operator to toxic substances, which can affect his cardiac, circulatory and pulmonary systems. Thus, on the grounds of lethysmographic signal taken from the forehead skin surface, the system computes heart beat rate and blood oxygenation. The blue eye system checks above parameters against abnormal (e.g. a low level of blood oxygenation or a high pulse rate) or undesirable (e.g. a longer period of lowered visual attention) values and triggers user-defined alarms wh en necessary. Quite often in an emergency situation operators speak to themselves expressing their surprise or stating verbally the problem. Therefore, the operators voice, physiological parameters and an overall view of the operating room are recorded. This helps to reconstruct the course of operators work and provides data for long-term analysis. This system consists of a mobile measuring device and a central analytical system. The mobile device is integrated with Bluetooth module providing wireless interface between sensors worn by the operator and the central unit. ID cards assigned to each of the operators and adequate user profiles on the central unit side provide necessary data personalization so different people can use a single mobile device. DESIGN FEATURES: It has a personal area network for linking all the operators and the supervising system. It has two major units DAU (data acquisition unit ) CSU (central system unit ) The basic block diagram is shown below: DATA ACQUISITION UNIT: The DAU consists of the following components ATMEL 8952 microcontroller BLUE TOOTH MODULE supports synchronous voice data transmission PCM CODEC -used to transmit operators voice and central system sound feedback UART -communication between bluetooth module and microcontroller (115200 bps) MAX232 -level shifter ALPHAUNUMERIC LCD display LED indicators ID CARD interface In creating the hardware part of the DAU a development board is built, which enables the operator to mount, connect and test various peripheral devices cooperating with the microcontroller. During the implementation of the DAU a piece of software is needed to establish and test Bluetooth connections. Therefore a tool called BlueDentist is created. The tool provides support for controlling the currently connected Bluetooth device. Its functions are: local device management (resetting, reading local BD_ADDR, putting in Inquiry/Page and Inquiry/Page scan modes, reading the list of locally supported features and setting UART speed) connection management (receiving and displaying Inquiry scan results, establishing ACL links, adding SCO connections, performing link authorization procedure, sending test data packets and disconnecting). To test the possibilities and performance of the remaining parts such as computer, camera and database software, BlueCapture is created. The tool supports capturing video data from various sources (USB web-cam, industrial camera) and storing the data in the MS SQL Server database. Additionally, the application performs sound recording. After filtering and removing insignificant fragments (i.e. silence) the audio data is stored in the database. Finally, the program plays the recorded audiovisual stream. The software is used to measure database system performance and to optimize some of the SQL queries (e.g. replacing of correlated SQL queries with cursor operations). Also a simple tool for recording Jazz Multisensor measurements is created. The program reads the data using a parallel port and writes it to a file. To program the operators personal ID card we use a standard parallel port, as the EPROMs and the port are both TTL-compliant. A simple dialog-based application helps to accomplish the task. DAU FEATURES: The data acquisition unit has the following features. Lightweight Runs on batteries low power consumption Easy to use does not disturb the operator working ID cards for operator authorization Voice transmission using hardware PCM codec CENTRAL SYSTEM UNIT: The CSU consists of the following components. CONNECTION MODULE main task to perform low-level blue tooth communication DATA ANALYSIS MODULE performs the analysis of the raw sensor data in order to obtain information about operators physiological condition DATA LOGGER MODULE provides support for storing the monitored data. VISULAIZATION MODULE provides user interface for the supervisors CSU FEATURES: The central system unit has the following features. Accessverification System maintenance Connection management Data processing Visualization Data recording AFFECTIVE COMPUTING The process of making emotional computers with sensing abilities is known as affective computing. Steps include:- Giving sensing abilities Detecting human emotions Respond properly ASPECTS OF AFFECTIVE COMPUTING There are two aspects of affective computing: giving the computer the ability to detect emotions and giving the computer the ability to express emotions. Not only are emotions crucial for rational decision making, but emotion detection is an important step to an adaptive computer system. An adaptive, smart computer system has been driving efforts to detect a persons emotional state. An important element of incorporating emotion into computing is for productivity for a computer user. By matching a persons emotional state and the context of the expressed emotion, over a period of time the persons personality is being exhibited. Therefore, by giving the computer a longitudinal understanding of the emotional state of its user, the computer could adapt a working style which fits with its users personality. The result of this collaboration could increase productivity for the user. INPUTS CONSIDERED Heart pulse rate Facial expressions Eye-brows and mouth lines primarily Eye movements As a pointing device Also to determine the emotion Voice METHODS: 1. AFFECT DETECTION: One way of gaining information from a user non-intrusively is by video. Cameras have been used to detect a persons emotional state. The basic block diagram of the facial expression detection is shown below. THEORY ON FACIAL EXPRESSION Based on a facial expression work, there is a correlation between a persons emotional state and a persons physiological measurements. Paul Ekman, a scientist performed an experiment which involved participants attached to devices to record certain measurements including pulse, galvanic skin response (GSR), temperature, somatic movement and blood pressure. He then recorded the measurements as the participants were instructed to mimic facial expressions which corresponded to the six basic emotions. He defined the six basic emotions as anger, fear, sadness, disgust, joy and surprise. Thus from this experiment it was determined how physiological measures could be used to distinguish various emotional states. The measures taken were GSR, heart rate, skin temperature and general somatic activity (GSA). These data were then subject to two analyses. For the first analysis,a multidimensional scaling(MDS) procedure was used to determine the dimensionality of the data. Thus it can be concluded that most of the information is extracted from the position of the eye-brows. Detection Geometric facial data extraction Basic emotion-specified facial expression 1 2 3 4 5 6 disgust fear joy surprise Sadness anger 2. MAGIC POINTING: Magic Pointing stands for MANUAL AND GAZE INPUT CASCADED (MAGIC) POINTING. This work explores a new direction in utilizing eye gaze for computer input. Gaze tracking has long been considered as an alternative or potentially superior pointing method for computer input. It is believed that many fundamental limitations exist with traditional gaze pointing. In particular, it is unnatural to overload a perceptual channel such as vision with a motor control task. Therefore an alternative approach of dubbed MAGIC (Manual And Gaze Input Cascaded) pointing is proposed. With such an approach, pointing appears to the user to be a manual task, used for fine manipulation and selection. However, a large portion of the cursor movement is eliminated by warping the cursor to the eye gaze area, which encompasses the target. Two specific MAGIC pointing techniques are Conservative magic pointing and Liberal magic pointing. The pros and cons of the two techniques are discussed in light of both performance data and subjective reports. IMPLEMENTATION The MAGIC pointing program takes data from both the manual input device (of any type, such as a mouse) and the eye tracking system running either on the same machine or on another machine connected via serial port. Raw data from an eye tracker can not be directly used for gaze-based interaction, due to noise from image processing, eye movement jitters, and samples taken during saccade (ballistic eye movement) periods. Therefore filters are used. The goal of filter design in general is to make the best compromise between preserving signal bandwidth and eliminating unwanted noise. In the case of eye tracking, eye information relevant to interaction lies in the fixations. The key is to select fixation points with minimal delay. Samples collected during a saccade are unwanted and should be avoided. In designing the algorithm for picking points of fixation, the tracking system speed (30 Hz) is considered, and that the MAGIC pointing techniques utilize gaze information only once for each new target, probably immediately after a saccade. The filtering algorithm was designed to pick a fixation with minimum delay by means of selecting two adjacent points over two samples. Advantages of magic pointing: The both the liberal and the conservative MAGIC pointing techniques offer the following potential advantages: Reduction of manual stress and fatigue, since the cross screen long-distance cursor movement is eliminated from manual control. Practical accuracy level. In comparison to traditional pure gaze pointing whose accuracy is pointing fundamentally limited by the nature of eye movement, the MAGIC pointing techniques let the hand complete the task, so they can be as accurate as any other manual input techniques. . A more natural mental model for the user. The user does not have to be aware of the role of the eye gaze. To the user, pointing continues to be a manual task, with a cursor conveniently appearing where it needs to be. Speed. Since the need for large magnitude pointing operations is less than with pure manual cursor control, it is possible that MAGIC pointing will be faster than pure manual pointing. Improved subjective speed and ease-of-use. Since the manual pointing amplitude is smaller, the user may perceive the MAGIC pointing system to operate faster and more pleasantly than pure manual control, even if it operates at the same speed or more slowly. Problems related to magic pointing: In addition to problems with todays eye tracking systems, such as delay, error, and inconvenience, there may also be many potential human factor disadvantages to the MAGIC pointing techniques we have proposed, including the following: 1. With the more liberal MAGIC pointing technique, the cursor warping can be overactive at times, since the cursor moves to the new gaze location whenever the eye gaze moves more than a set distance (e.g., 120 pixels) away from the cursor. This could be particularly distracting when the user is trying to read. It is possible to introduce additional constraint according to the context. For example, when the users eye appears to follow a text reading pattern, MAGIC pointing can be automatically suppressed. 2. With the more conservative MAGIC pointing technique, the uncertainty of the exact location at which the cursor might appear may force the user, especially a novice, to adopt a cumbersome strategy: take a touch (use the manual input device to activate the cursor), wait (for the cursor to appear), and move (the cursor to the target manually). Such a strategy may prolong the target acquisition time. The user may have to learn a novel hand-eye coordination pattern to be efficient with this technique. Gaze position reported by eye tracker Eye tracking boundary with 95% confidence True target will be within the circle with 95% probability The cursor is warped to the boundary of the gaze area, along the initial actuation vector Previous cursor position, far from target Initial manual actuation vector 3. With pure manual pointing techniques, the user, knowing the current cursor location, could conceivably perform his motor acts in parallel to visual search. Motor action may start as soon as the users gaze settles on a target. With MAGIC pointing techniques, the motor action computation (decision) cannot start until the cursor appears. This may negate the time saving gained from the MAGIC pointing techniques reduction of movement amplitude. Clearly, experimental (implementation and empirical) work is needed to validate, refine, or invent alternative MAGIC pointing techniques. SUITOR SUITOR stands for Simple User Interface Tracker. Computers would have been much more powerful, had they gained perceptual and sensory abilities of the living beings on the earth. What needs to be developed is an intimate relationship between the computer and the humans. And the Simple User Interest Tracker (SUITOR) is a revolutionary approach in this direction. By observing the Webpage a netizen is browsing, the SUITOR can help by fetching more information at his to desktop. By simply noticing where the users eyes focus on the computer screen, the SUITOR can be more precise in determining his topic of interest. It can even deliver relevant information to a handheld device. The success lies in how much the suitor can be intimate the user. A cue to exploit nonverbal cues to create more effective user interfaces c is gaze-the direction in which a person is looking. A new technique for tracking a persons eyes has been created and this gaze-tracking technology has been incorporated into two prototypes. One, called SUITOR (Simple User Interest Tracker), fills a scrolling ticker on a computer screen with information related to the users current task. SUITOR knows where the user is looking, what applications he/she is running, and what Web pages the user may be browsing. For example, If a Web page about IBM, is being read for instance and the system presents the latest stock price or business news stories that could affect IBM. If the headline off the ticker is read, it pops up the story in a browser window. If the story is also read then , it adds related stories to the ticker. Thats the whole idea of an attentive system-one that attends to what you are doing, typing, reading, so that it can attend to your information needs. EMOTION MOUSE: One goal of human computer interaction (HCI) is to make an adaptive, smart computer system. A non-invasive way to obtain information about a person is through touch. People use their computers to obtain, store and manipulate data using their computer. In order to start creating smart computers, the computer must start gaining information about the user. The proposed method for gaining user information through touch is via a computer input device, the mouse. From the physiological data obtained from the user, an emotional state may be determined which would then be related to the task the user is currently doing on the computer. Over a period of time, a user model will be built in order to gain a sense of the users personality. The scope of the project is to have the computer adapt to the user in order to create a better working environment where the user is more productive. . One obvious place to put sensors is on the mouse. Through observing normal computer usage (creating and editing documents and surfing the web),people spend approximately 1/3 of their total computer time touching their input device. Because of the incredible amount of time spent touching an input device, the possibility of detecting emotion through touch can be explored. Mouse is embedded with sensors that can sense the physiological attributes like Temperature Body pressure Pulse rate Touching style etc. The computer determines the users emotional states from these inputs. BLUE EYE EMOTIONAL MOUSE sensors in the mouse ,sense the physiological attributes which are correlated to emotions using correlation model -by simply touching the mouse ,the computer will be able to determine a persons emotional state. BLUE EYE enabled TELEVISION could become active when the user makes an eye contact incorporated. 5. SPEECH RECOGNITION: It is important to consider the environment in which the speech recognition system has to work. The grammar used by the speaker, noise level, noise type, position of the microphone, and speed and manner of the users speech are some factors that may affect the quality of speech recognition . Artificial intelligence comes into place where an automatic call-handling system is used without employing any telephone operator. THE TECHNOLOGY: Artificial intelligence (AI) involves two basic ideas. First, it involves studying the thought processes of human beings. Second, it deals with representing those processes via machines (like computers, robots, etc). AI is behavior of a machine, which, if performed by a human being, would be called intelligent. It makes machines smarter and more useful, and is less Expensive than natural intelligence. Natural language processing (NLP) refers to artificial intelligence methods of communicating with a computer in a natural language like English. The main objective of a NLP program is to understand input and initiate action. The input words are scanned and matched against internally stored known words. Identification of a key word causes some action to be taken. In this way, one can communicate with the computer in ones language. No special commands or computer language are required. There is no need to enter programs in a special language for creating software. The user speaks to the computer through a microphone, which, in used; a simple system may contain a minimum of three filters. The more the number of filters used, the higher the probability of accurate recognition. Presently, switched capacitor digital filters are used because these can be custom-built in integrated circuit form. These are smaller and cheaper than active filters using operational amplifiers. The filter output is then fed to the ADC to translate the analogue signal into digital word. The ADC samples the filter outputs many times a second. Each sample represents different amplitudes of the signal .Evenly spaced vertical lines represent the amplitude of the audio filter output at the instant of sampling. Each value is then converted to a binary number proportional to the amplitude of the sample. A central processor unit (CPU) controls the input circuits that are fed by the ADCS. A large RAM (random access memory) stores all the digital values in a buffer area. The pictures represent the basic schemes of the speech recognition process. This digital information, representing the spoken word, is now accessed by the CPU to process it further. The normal speech has a frequency range of 200 Hz to 7 kHz. Recognizing a telephone call is more difficult as it has bandwidth limitation of 300 Hz to3.3 kHz. As explained earlier, the spoken words are processed by the filters and ADCs. The binary representation of each of these words becomes a template or standard, against which the future words are compared. These templates are stored in the memory. Once the storing process is completed, the system can go into its active mode and is capable of identifying spoken words. As each word is spoken, it is converted into binary equivalent and stored in RAM. The computer then starts searching and compares the binary input pattern with the templates. t is to be noted that even if the same speaker talks the same text, there are always slight variations in amplitude or loudness of the signal, pitch, frequency difference, time gap, etc. Due to this reason, there is never a perfect match between the template and binary input word. The pattern matching process therefore uses statistical techniques and is designed to look for the best fit. The values of binary input words are subtracted from the corresponding values in the templates. If both the values are same, the difference is zero and there is perfect match. If not, the subtraction produces some difference or error. The smaller the error, the better is the match. When the best match occurs, the word is identified and displayed on the screen or used in some other manner. The search process takes a considerable amount of time, as the CPU has to make many comparisons before recognition occurs. This necessitates use of very high-speed processors. A large RAM is also required as even though a spoken word may last only a few hundred milliseconds, but the same is translated into many thousands of digital words. It is important to note that alignment of words and templates are to be matched correctly in time, before computing the similarity score. This process, termed as dynamic time warping, recognizes that different speakers pronounce the same words at different speeds as well as elongate different parts of the same word. This is important for the Speaker-independent recognizers. APPLICATIONS OF SPEECH RECOGNITION One of the main benefits of speech recognition system is that it lets user do other works simultaneously. The user can concentrate on observation and manual operations, and still control the machinery by voice input commands. Another major application of speech processing is in military operations. Voice control of weapons is an example. With reliable speech recognition equipment, pilots can give commands and information to the computers by simply speaking into their microphones-they dont have to use their hands for this purpose. Another good example is a radiologist scanning hundreds of X-rays, ultrasonograms, CT scans and simultaneously dictating conclusions to a speech recognition system connected to word processors. The radiologist can focus his attention on the images rather than writing the text. Voice recognition could also be used on computers for making airline and hotel reservations. A user requires simply to state his needs, to make reservation, cancel a reservation, or ma ke enquiries about schedule. 6. EYE TRACKER: Eye tracker is a device which tracks the movement of eye. This system is much more compact and reliable. Available commercial systems, rely on a single light source that is positioned either off the camera axis, or on-axis. Illumination from an off-axis source (or ambient illumination) generates a dark pupil image. When the light source is placed on-axis with the camera optical axis, the camera is able to detect the light reflected from the interior of the eye, and the image of the pupil appears bright. This effect is often seen as the red-eye in flash photographs when the flash is close to the camera lens. The Almaden system of eye tracking uses two near infrared (IR) time multiplexed light sources, composed of two sets of IR LEDs, which were synchronized with the camera frame rate. One light source is placed very close to the cameras optical axis and is synchronized with the even frames. Odd frames are synchronized with the second light source, positioned off axis. The two light sources are calibrated to provide approximately equivalent whole-scene illumination. Pupil detection is realized by means of subtracting the dark pupil image from the bright pupil image. After thresholding the difference, the largest connected component is identified as the pupil. This technique significantly increases the robustness and reliability of the eye tracking system. The Almaden eye tracker is shown in the figure. The above picture an ON AXIS infrared illumination The figure explains the OFF AXIS infrared illumination. APPLICATIONS 1. Surveillance systems: A large retailers have implemented surveillance systems that record and interpret customer movements, using BlueEye software. BlueEye software makes sense of what the cameras see to answer key questions for retailers, including, How many shoppers ignored a promotion? How many stopped? How long did they stay? Did their faces register boredom or delight? How many reached for the item and put it in their shopping carts? Blue Eye works by tracking pupil, eyebrow and mouth movement. When monitoring pupils, the system uses a camera and two infrared light sources placed inside the product display. One light source is aligned with the cameras focus; the other is slightly off axis. When the eye looks into the camera-aligned light, the pupil appears bright to the sensor, and the software registers the customers attention. This is way it captures the persons income and buying preferences. BlueEye is actively been incorporated in some of the leading retail outlets. 2. Automobile industry Blue Eye can be applied in the automobile industry. By simply touching a computer input device such as a mouse, the computer system is designed to be able to determine a persons emotional state. For cars, it could be useful to help with critical decisions like: I know you want to get into the fast lane, but Im afraid I cant do that. You too upset right now and therefore assist in driving safely. 3. Video games We could see its use in video games where, it could give individual challenges to customers playing video games. Typically targeting commercial business. The integration of Childrens toys, technologies and computers is enabling new play experiences that were not commercially feasible until recently. The Intel Play QX3 Computer Microscope, the Me2Cam with Fun Fair, and the Computer Sound Morpher are commercially available smart toy products developed by the Intel Smart Toy Lab in. One theme that is common across these PC-connected toys is that users interact with them using a combination of visual, audible and tactile input output modalities. The presentation will provide an overview of the interaction design of these products and pose some unique challenges faced by designers and engineers of such experiences targeted at novice computer users, namely young children. 4. An alternate to keyboard The familiar and useful come from things we recognize. Many of our favorite things appearance communicate their use; they show the change in their value though patina. As technologists we are now poised to imagine a world where computing objects communicate with us in-situ; where we are. We use our looks, feelings, and actions to give the computer the experience it needs to work with us. Keyboards and mice will not continue to dominate computer user interfaces. Keyboard input will be replaced in large measure by systems that know what we want and require less explicit communication. Sensors are gaining fidelity and ubiquity to record presence and actions; sensors will notice when we enter a space, sit down, lie down, Pump iron, etc. Pervasive infrastructure is recording it. 5. A better future scenario Current interfaces between computers and humans can present information vividly, but have no sense of whether that information is ever Viewed or understood. In contrast, new real-time computer vision techniques for perceiving people allows us to create Face-responsive Displays and Perceptive Environments, which ca

criminal justice Essay examples -- essays research papers

Tushnet's A Court Divided By R. Anastasia Tremaine - February, 2005 Tushnet's A Court Divided Tushnet (2005) takes an insightful look into the current Supreme Court and what it means for the future in his work entitled A Court Divided. Much has been discussed about the Court, particularly since the 2000 election ended up being referred to the judicial branch of government. Constitutional law has always been fascinating subject, as it broaches the areas of guaranteed legal protections. Landmark decisions change the course of history and determine which rights the people have and have not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book addresses the obvious problems. First, the author identifies the division between liberal and conservative judges. These two divisions have played a huge role not only in the court systems, but in the political arena as well. Because the president is able to appoint judges, many people believe that he will appoint someone like himself. A Republican president will appoint a conservative and a Democrat will appoint a liberal. Although this is largely the case, all too often surprises emerge. It should really not be a surprise at all that judges have their own minds and are not stereotypical. Brilliant men seldom have one mindset, even though they may lean one way or another. Still, the idea that the president may appoint chief justices does suggest that, like a game of chess, the future of Constitutional law is to some extent contingent on who is president. Depending upon the makeup of the court at the time, one appointment can change a great deal and shift the court either to the right or to the left.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author does admit that the court is divided by party or ideology, but he does contest the argument that a particular type of judge will always go a particular way. Rather, he looks at each individually and notes each of their distinct prejudices. The idea that the conservatives and liberals are at odds is not necessarily true and instead the author vies for a theory that shows divisions in certain subject areas. It is not necessarily the case that conservatives will side one way or another. For example, the author points out that many social issues are not ruled conservatively and this is because some of the fiscal conservatives on board are really just fiscal conservatives.   Ã‚  ... ...in accordance with a party platform. That said, whatever happens in the future, it seems that the Court is in good hands. By the time a judge is appointed, he or she will have been scrutinized and again, there is little in terms of predictability on which one can rely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Will the future of the court be more conservative if a Republican president must select a new candidate? It does not matter. Again, Tushnet's (2005) premise is that the court is divided by Conservatives. Bush is a quasi-conservative president as he does support many liberal views. Immigration is one example and the topic is tied to Constitutional law to an extent. In conclusion, Tushnet writes an excellent review of the Court, and one that helps the reader understand the decisions that were handed down in recent years, and why they were made. His easy writing style and attention to detail makes for a marvelous read for any law student or layman who wants to understand what makes the Supreme Court justices tick. Reference Tushnet, M. (2005). A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law. New York: Norton, W.W. & Company, Inc.

Contemporary Online Remix Culture Essay

Contemporary online remix culture continues the political and aesthetic practices associated with hip-hop. Discuss. For centuries artists have copied the masterworks of the past, they have borrowed from their contemporaries and from popular culture. Appropriation and remix methods can be found within the entertainment, music and fashion industries, texts and ideas, and extend to virtually every part of our culture. In today’s digital world remix has become a widespread phenomenon with extensive incorporation of borrowed imagery and sound into artistic practice. This activity of taking samples from pre-existing works and combining them into new product plays a vital role in society and raises questions around copyright laws which run counter to this notion that we build on the work of others (Navas 2009). Hip-hop techniques of sampling and manipulating pre-existing works to create new material and its own message can be seen to mirror contemporary online remix practices. This essay will focus on how contemporary online remix culture continues the political and aesthetic practices associated with hip-hop. Apart from looking at the actual practice of sampling this essay will examine how hip-hop was a way for the unheard and underrepresented people to make their voices heard and express hopes and frustrations of a community. Furthermore, this essay will look at how hip-hop continues to produce political discourse and how this also has been taken up by online remix culture. Finally, it will examine issues surrounding copyright issues of music and imagery in today’s digital world.

Path-Goal Theory

Path-Goal Theory Free Online Research Papers This essay clarifies the path-goal theory and how leadership roles are utilized within the theory. Path-Goal Theory of Leadership was developed to discuss the way leaders encourage and support their followers in achieving the goals that have been set by making the direction they should take clear and easy. Specifically, leaders define the path so subordinates know which way to travel in their careers, remove roadblocks that are stopping them from achieving their goals, and increasing the rewards along the route. I will emphasize three leadership behaviors Jeanne Lewis used with her employees, provide three examples of Lewis’s leadership behavior in relation to the Path-Goal Theory, identify three behaviors of employees in response to Lewis’s leadership styles, and explain the dynamics of employee behavior in reference to the Path-Goal Theory. The Path-Goal Theory stipulates that leaders are effective in their leadership and managerial duties because of their impact on follower’s motivations, their ability to perform effectively, and their satisfaction level. (Hersey P., Blanchard K., Johnson D., (2008). Management of Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. The Path-Goal Theories utmost concern is how a leader influences follower’s perceptions of their work goals, their perceptions of personal goals, and their paths to goal attainment. The Path-Goal Theory is best exemplified when the leader provides clarification and rewards in order to remove the unknowns from the environment. Jeanne Lewis utilized three different leadership behaviors with her employees. She used the Directive, Participative, and Supportive leadership behaviors. She was required to utilize the Directive leadership behavior during her tenure as the Director of Operations for New England Staples stores because the New England stores were severely under-performing other areas within the company due to a notable lack of leadership. She immediately set aggressive store goals in order to bring them up to company standards, initiated training programs for employees, and invigorated performance standards New England wide. She was required to utilize the Participative leadership behavior during her tenure in Merchandising. She was a catalyst in this department by inspiring dialogue and debate from her direct reports and lower-level employees in order inspire a sense of connection and belief in their decision making processes. Employees found these information exchanges extremely productive and felt a sense that management cared about their ideas. (Suesse, J.M.(2000). Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc. (A) (Abridged). Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing. Pp 1-14 (78-91). It provided employees with a deep feeling of ownership that they had not felt at any time before. She also utilized the Supportive leadership behavior by influencing her employees which garnered their respect for her. She exhibited brilliant insight into the future needs of the company and realizing the needs and rewards that her employees strived for. Examples of Lewis utilizing the Path-Goal Theory with the Directive leadership behavior corresponded to numerous benefits for Staples and improved employee performance which had a direct impact on employee behaviors. Instructing followers of what needs to be done and giving them appropriate guidance is a critical part of the Path-Goal Theory. This includes giving employees instructions of specific work that is required. Rewards may also be increased as required or needed and role uncertainty decreased. This may be used when the task is unstructured and complex and the follower is inexperienced or lacks confidence. This increases the followers sense of security and control and consequently is appropriate to the situation. Another example of Lewis utilizing the Path-Goal Theory with the Participative leadership behavior was her ability and desire to talk with employees and taking their ideas into account when making decisions on corporate actions. This approach is best when the followe rs are expert and their advice is both needed and they expect to be able to give it. While utilizing the Participative leadership behavior during her tenure in merchandising, her employees developed the increased knowledge in their needs and rewards they strived towards. This resulted in better employee effort, improved performance, and job satisfaction. The final example of Lewis utilizing the Path-Goal Theory with the Supportive leadership behavior exemplifies the needs of the follower, showing concern for their welfare and creating a friendly working environment. This includes increasing the followers self-esteem and making the job more appealing. This approach is best when the work is stressful, boring, hazardous, or dangerous. While utilizing the Supportive leadership behavior, her employees developed an increased confidence level in their abilities by being given path clarification to rewards and store goals. This resulted in better employee effort, improved performance, and job satisfaction. The aspects of the relationship of employee behavior to the Path-Goal theory in the Lewis case communicate the employee behavior due to Lewis clarifying task expectations. This leader behavior on the part of Jeanne Lewis provided employees with directive, participative, and supportive leadership. This is defined in the Path-Goal Theory and is a critical aspect in order for this theory to operate properly. As was stated earlier in this essay, this caused employees to develop a desire to learn more about their duties and directly led to improved employee performance. Employees became inspired because they had a better understanding of corporate goals which increased their confidence. Due to Jeanne Lewis utilizing these three types of leader behavior, she garnered the support of employees and her direct reports. This allowed her to improve her own leadership style and motivate the workforce to new and higher levels that Staples had never known before. References References (Hersey P., Blanchard K., Johnson D., (2008). Management of Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. (Suesse, J.M.(2000). Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc. (A) (Abridged). Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing. Pp 1-14 (78-91). Research Papers on Path-Goal TheoryBringing Democracy to AfricaMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Hockey GameThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Erin Brockovich vs. Legally Blonde essays

Erin Brockovich vs. Legally Blonde essays ERIN BROCKOVICH vs. LEGALLY BLONDE Willie Waffle would rate excellent movies with a stack of waffle and syrup. Sieskel and Ebert would say Two thumbs up. These professional movie goers critique movies that we love and enjoy. As a regular at the movies, I, like the critics, do see many similarities and differences among the movies. Two movies heroines, Erin Brockovich in Erin Brockovich and Elle Woods in Legally Blonde, stand out with many striking differences and similarities in physical appearance, treatment of men, and character. Although both heroines were beauty queens, their physical demeanors are strikingly contrasted; thus, showing eachs social status. Elle Woods was Miss Hawaiian Tropics, and she showed class and cosmopolitan flare. On the other hand, Erin Brochovich was Miss Wichita, and she showed a distasteful gaudy, slum appearance. Everywhere Elle went she flaunted her wealth. Her nails are always properly manicured and her salon Ned-curled hairs always glow. Erin, on the other hand, exposes her welfare class through her untrimmed, unpolished nails. Her hair is always untidily clipped. By inspecting what ones drives, we can see their scocial status as well. Elle drives a sporty convertible while Erin drives a damaged tercel. Elle lavishes her wardrobe with designer pink dresses trimmed with flamingo feather. Differently, Erin wears anything she can afford, including gaudy, halter tank top and hooker-like high cut skirts. Aside from their differences in social stature, both women have a commonality, misfortune and then good fortune with men. Erin through her hooker like clothing attracts less desirable men. She is a twice-divorced woman with three children. Men are attracted to her beauty and body, then, they leave her. Likewise, Elle, a typical blonde, attracts shallow men. Her latest beau dumped her before ente ...

Under FSMA 2000, the Financial Services Authority has various Essay

Under FSMA 2000, the Financial Services Authority has various statutory objectives. Critically evaluate the progress they have made under each of these objectives - Essay Example This ensures that there is smooth functioning without any friction. The second point of consideration is its power to conduct regular supervision of the financial services industry. This means writing policies for wholesale, retail, banking, and other financial services including insurance, and ensuring their proper adherence to the policies. As a part of this, the Authority has developed a code of market conduct which ensures that the market abuse practices are properly dealt with. Also, it has its own investigation and enforcement policies and department that identify the misconducts, and bring the culprits to law. The benefit of FSMA Act is that Section 165 allowed FSA to collect information and documents from firms as necessary. This power can be utilised in two ways. Either it can be used to require the provision of particular information, or it can be used to require the production of a particular document. According to Section 167, the Authority has the power to appoint investigators to conduct general investigations into firms (Alexander, 2002). Another vital point that deserves attention is the possibility of conducting investigations in support of overseas regulators. When there is violation of the policies, the Authority has the power to issue a public statement of misconduct or penalty as it finds appropriate, and the quantum of penalty is based on the risk of loss caused to consumers and other market users. Yet another important measure that enhances market confidence is the Financial Services Compensation Scheme. The next point is ensuring public awareness. Admittedly, Financial Service Authority has such a policy that is open to all consumers. To illustrate, there is the FSA library, FSA handbook, and FSA register. The FSA handbook gives one an idea about all the rules, regulations, and policies of FSA. In addition, there are handbooks called tailored handbooks available on various

The Hartford Civic Center Collapse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Hartford Civic Center Collapse - Essay Example He has to explore all these options to ensure that he develops the best software solution with minimal costs. After the software has been designed, the engineer then puts it to testing to ensure that it solves the problem. In addition the engineer also engages in maintenance and monitoring of the software to ensure that it meets the set goals. Engineers also iterate by going back to previous steps in designing new software to ensure that the new design meets the requirement for creating a software solution to a problem. Prototyping is an important stage in the development of a new software solution. At this stage the engineer is able to test the workability of the abstract design through by experiment. By testing the prototype the engineer can be able to identify areas where the new design needs modification or whether it is a workable solution. Analyses of designs and computer software have been identified as one of the ways of enhancing the robustness and reliability of a design. For the design to be verified there must be a formal description of the design at all stages. This description acts as the blueprint for development and is very crucial during verification. Verification is important as not just as way of ensuring the correctness of the system but as one of the way of understanding the working of the system. Verification can be provided as mathematical proof or through the use of natural language. Although the proof maybe informal, it should be structured in such a way that it is readable and comprehensible to other people other than the engineer. Three methods are used for this purpose. They include verification, calibration and validation. Calibration is made through the adjustment of various calibrations being used there by adjusting how the model is used as a simulation of the process. Verification is achieved by comparing the output data with the data that is expected from the input. The information is the verified by