Digital Fortress Chapter 14

Becker gazed down at the cadaver. Even hours after death, the Asian's face radiated with a pinkish glow of a recent sunburn. The rest of him was a pale yellow-all except the small area of purplish bruising directly over his heart. Probably from the CPR, Becker mused. Too bad it didn't work. He went back to studying the cadaver's hands. They were like nothing Becker had ever seen. Each hand had only three digits, and they were twisted and askew. The disfigurement, however, was not what Becker was looking at. â€Å"Well, I'll be.† The lieutenant grunted from across the room. â€Å"He's Japanese, not Chinese.† Becker looked up. The officer was thumbing through the dead man's passport. â€Å"I'd rather you didn't look at that,† Becker requested. Touch nothing. Read nothing. â€Å"Ensei Tankado†¦ born January-â€Å" â€Å"Please,† Becker said politely. â€Å"Put it back.† The officer stared at the passport a moment longer and then tossed it back on the pile. â€Å"This guy's got a class-3 visa. He could have stayed here for years.† Becker poked at the victim's hand with a pen. â€Å"Maybe he lived here.† â€Å"Nope. Date of entry was last week.† â€Å"Maybe he was moving here,† Becker offered curtly. â€Å"Yeah, maybe. Crummy first week. Sunstroke and a heart attack. Poor bastard.† Becker ignored the officer and studied the hand. â€Å"You're positive he wasn't wearing any jewelry when he died?† The officer looked up, startled. â€Å"Jewelry?† â€Å"Yeah. Take a look at this.† The officer crossed the room. The skin on Tankado's left hand showed traces of sunburn, everywhere except a narrow band of flesh around the smallest finger. Becker pointed to the strip of pale flesh. â€Å"See how this isn't sunburned here? Looks like he was wearing a ring.† The officer seemed surprised. â€Å"A ring?† His voice sounded suddenly perplexed. He studied the corpse's finger. Then he flushed sheepishly. â€Å"My God.† He chuckled. â€Å"The story was true?† Becker had a sudden sinking feeling. â€Å"I beg your pardon?† The officer shook his head in disbelief. â€Å"I would have mentioned it before†¦ but I thought the guy was nuts.† Becker was not smiling. â€Å"What guy?† â€Å"The guy who phoned in the emergency. Some Canadian tourist. Kept talking about a ring. Babbling in the worst damn Spanish I ever heard.† â€Å"He said Mr. Tankado was wearing a ring?† The officer nodded. He pulled out a Ducado cigarette, eyed the no fumar sign, and lit up anyway. â€Å"Guess I should have said something, but the guy sounded totally loco.† Becker frowned. Strathmore's words echoed in his ears. I want everything Ensei Tankado had with him. Everything. Leave nothing. Not even a tiny scrap of paper. â€Å"Where is the ring now?† Becker asked. The officer took a puff. â€Å"Long story.† Something told Becker this was not good news. â€Å"Tell me anyway.†

Russian History Questions

Name _________________________________ Date __________ Period ___________ Researching Russia Directions: Using the reference materials (including but not limited to the Internet, almanacs, atlases, encyclopedias, and books), research the answers to the following questions. The Internet is a useful source but you should make use of other resources should it not be available! 1. On November 1, 1993, the parliament of the Russian Republic of the USSR granted Russian President ______________________ broad power to begin radical economic reforms. 2. In 1991, the population of Russia was estimated at ________________________. 3. In the ninth century, Scandinavian chieftains established the first Russian state, centering it on ___________________ and Kiev. 4. When did Lenin die? _____________ How did he die? _____________________ 5. The ‘900-day siege’ of Leningrad lasted from June 1941 until January ___________. 6. When did Stalin die? ________ How old was he? _______ 7. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, massive Soviet military aid to __________________ helped assure communist victories throughout Southeast Asia. 8. Russia comprises over ________% of the total area of the former USSR and has ____________________ square miles, making it the largest country in the world. 9. What is the current life expectancy for Russian males? 10. The Russian monetary unit is the _________________. 11. The breed of cat known as the Russian blue is distinguished for its vivid ___________ colored eyes and the _____________ quality of its blue-gray coat. 12. Who is the author of War and Peace? 13. Who is the author of The Brothers Karamazov? 14. Which Russian author was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for Doctor Zhivago but declined the prize? 5. Leningrad’s St. Isaac’s Cathedral on Decembrists’ Square was designed by French architect ______________________ and built between 1819 and 1858. 16. The _______________, or Russian wolfhound, was first imported into the United States in 1889. 17. In 1854, British poet Alfred Lord Tennyson made Balaklava famous in his poem _______________________ ________. 18. On January 22, 1904, George Melitonovich Balanchivadze was born in St. Petersburg, Russia. He gained a reputation for the foremost representative of neoclassicism ballet. His professional name was __________________________. 9. Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is best known for what experiment? ____________________________________________________________ _________ 20. In 1910, Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova made her American debut with Russian dancer ______________________ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. 21. Which Russian chemist compiled the ‘periodic table of elements? ’ ______________________________________ 22. On what date was the Russian Sputnik I put into orbit? ______________________ 23. On what date was the Russian Sputnik II put into orbit? ______________________ 24. September 17, 1957, was the 100th anniversary of the birth of Russian rocket pioneer Konstantin E. _________________________. 25. On January 2, 1959, unmanned interplanetary flight was proved feasible when the Soviet Union’s Mechta entered into orbit around the sun. 26. The Volga River is ________ miles, or ________ kilometers long. 27. What was the name of the imperial family that ruled Russia from 1613 until 1917? _______________________________ 28. The age of romanticism in Russian literature is from the late _________ until the early 1840s. 29. Who wrote The Twelve (1918)? __________________ 0. During World War II, the Soviet Union and Finland fought each other in two wars. The ‘Winter War’ was from 1939 to __________________. The ‘Continuation War’ was from 1941 until ______________. Who lost both wars? 31. When did the Russo-Japanese War begin? ____________ 32. When did the Russo-Japanese War end? ___________ 33. Catherine the Great (1729-96) ru led Russia for _________ years. 34. In what year did construction of St. Basil’s Cathedral begin? 35. The breed of dog known as the borzoi originated in Russia in the 1600s. Its average weight is __________ to ___________ pounds. 36. When World War I broke out, Russian-born composer Igor Stravinsky settled in what country? _______________________ 37. In which direction would you travel if you drove from Tula to Moscow? __________ 38. The island Great Lyakhov is in the _____________ Sea. 39. Who wrote Boris? _____________________________ 40. The ‘900-day siege’ of Leningrad during World War II caused ____________ deaths. 41. Russia is ____________ times the size of the United States but has a population of less than _______% percent of the people in the United States as of 2000. 42. What is the per capita Russian income? _____________________ 43. What is the life expectancy for Russian females? _____________ 44. In 1967, the Soviet government produced a film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace in commemoration of 50th anniversary of the Revolution. The Russian language version of the film ____ hours and _____. 45. ____________________ delivers gifts to Russian children on New Year’ s Eve. 46. In which direction would you travel if you drove from Moscow to St. Petersburg? __________________________ 47. The ________________ Mountains form a dividing line between Asia and Europe. 48. The _____________________ Strait separates Russia and Alaska. 49. Tsar Nicholas II was married to the granddaughter of Queen _____________ of England. 50. Name the son of Tsar Nicholas who suffered from hemophilia. _______________ 51. Twenty-three of the _________________ volcanoes on Kamchatka Peninsula are active. 52. The Caucasus Mountains are composed of limestone and ______________ rocks with some volcanic formations. 53. The Caspian Sea has a surface area of about ________________ square miles. 54. In December, Moscow averages _______________ days with overcast skies. 5. St. Isaac’s Cathedral is located on ______________ Prospect, a famous thoroughfare in Leningrad. 56. In the late 1980s, the population density of the USSR was _______ persons per square mile. 57. In the mid-1980s, the population density of the USSR was _______ persons per square mile. 58. The State _______________ Museum in Leningrad is considered to be one of the world’s great museums. 59. Valent ina V. ___________ was the first woman to orbit the earth. 60. The ___________________ Railroad runs north of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. USS

Health and Safety Essay

Explain how health and safety is monitored and maintained and how people in the work setting are made aware of risks and hazards and encouraged to work safely. In my placement we have a safeguarding policy but we don’t have a health and safety polices that I am aware of but the safeguarding polices is available on the schools website. Anyone is able to get on to the website and their policies. We have a sigh by the sink in the staff room say warning hot water and we have a sigh in the classrooms letting children and staff knows that the water in the tabs is drinking water we also have fire safety sign around the school. They always have meeting every month on health and safety but it is only for the main teachers. We have a fire drill twice a year so all the children and staff know where to go in case of a fire they had a fire drill last week which was good cause I did not know where to go if a fire happens so it help me cause now I know where to go if a fire happens. We always tell the children not talk to strangers and when the children are going home they are not allowed to leave an till the adults tell them that they can go cause we need to make sure that the right people are picking the children up and that they are not going off with strangers or with someone they are not meant to go home with.

Health Care Reform and Future Trend Personal Statement

Health Care Reform and Future Trend - Personal Statement Example I further propose that if health care was provided to these people, then financial suffering could have been prevented. These monetary problems prevent people from receiving essential treatment for illnesses. There is clearly a problem with the current Medicare program when people suffer from diseases simply because of their financial status. Other Medicare programs have to face many hardships while trying to apply a universal take over of every present health care system, which have generally led to extremely high prices, and a low quality of service. Therefore I believe that the whole nationalization of every presently used heath care service would not be necessary, nevertheless only a duel umbrella system which can incorporate uninsured Americans into the present health care system under new federal rules and regulations would be ideal for the Medicare program. I suggest the umbrella system as this umbrella system would let people who at present have an insurance plan to carry on their insurance plan. And those who are uninsured would be placed into a new nationalized health package which could be a HMO type system, which will reduce the costs. The lack of health insurance of a lot of people have a severe harmful consequences and economic costs not just for those who are uninsured but also for their family, the neighborhood they reside in, and the entire state. In my opinion, the primary problem is that health care considered to be a commodity which is marketed instead of a social service. A lot of people get tax-free health benefits from the company they work for, the companies pay insurers a portion of the premiums (Tooke 2003). However not every company provides these benefits. To my knowledge, it is strictly voluntary for employers. In the periodical "Employee Benefits," the problem for many workers is that not all employer-provided health insurance is equal, and many employers offer no coverage at all. Although 53 percent of private sector firms offer health coverage to their employees, and virtually all firms with 100 or more employees sponsor a health plan, small businesses are far less likely to do so (Cooper 2000), After reviewing the above mentioned problem it can be concluded firms which have a small number of employees most of them are uninsured thus I propose a single-payer system may be more affordable as it would minimize extra costs of administrative, profits and needless repetition. Moreover, it would allow the company of an overall budget and a reasonable and equal distribution of resources. Secondly, I propose that innovative technologies would be scarce under a single-payer system. Lastly, I believe that a single-payer system is the same as socialized medicine, even though a national program may be

Analysis of Financial Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Financial Statement - Essay Example The cost of sales/sales ratio have increased from 0.48 to 0.55, which shows that company's cost of sales have increased which resulted in gross profit to decline and as a result net profit also declined. Similarly, Research and Development/sales ratio also increased for 0.10 to 0.11 which resulted in increase in expenses and declined profits which ultimately caused net profit margin to fall. Below is the computation table for net profit margin: Based on the above figure, we can see a declining net profit margin trend for the company. Threatened by this we would like to advice the company to diversify their product range so that the effect of decline in net profit is minimized. In other words the declining trend in one industry will be offset by a booming trend in another industry. We from experience can suggest that return on shareholder's equity can be an effective in assessing the return on your investment. Return on equity actually tells you how much profit your investment is yielding. From the year 2000 to 2001 there has been a downward trend for the company. This is because the profits between these two year decline whereas investment or shareholder equity in the business decreased. The major reason why shareholder equity has seen a trend is because of decline in profits. These profits declined because expenses increase. Both Research and Development and Cost of Sales increase causing the profits to decline and shareholders equity to fall. Here is our computation for Return on Shareholder's equity. (Investopedia, 20 June) Return on Shareholder Equity= Net Income/ Shareholder Equity For the year 2000 = 1854/7309 = 0.253 or 25.3% For the year 2001 = 927/10586 = 0.087 or 8.7 % The reason behind change in this ratio is changes in prices of the stock and change in price net income per share ratio. This ratio is suggesting that investors are expecting higher profits and growth in earning per share ratio. This has resulted in market demand for stock to rise and prices of stock to inflate and thus resulting in higher P/E ratio. 2) P/E Ratio = Stock Price/Earning per share Diluted 1998= (111/4)/0.24 = 115.625 1999 = (163/4)/0.31 = 131.45 2000 = (281/2)/0.55 = 255.45 2001 = (91/2)/0.27 = 168.51 There was first drastic increase in Price to Book Value Ratio in 2000. This can be due to because the investors value your company highly and despite having low book value they are willing to pay high price for your shares. This is a good sign and show that company has good name in the market and investors value your company highly. However, in 2001, this ratio declined. This shows that company is no more the investor's heaven or investors have shifted away from investing in your company. This can be due to the fact that investors think that your company will be profitable and demand for the share of company decline and your share market value fell, so as this ratio as investors are turning away from investing in your company which is a bad sign. (Frank Wood) Ratio of price to

Application and Technology Architectures Assignment

Application and Technology Architectures - Assignment Example Various research and anecdotal evidence is directed to software aging as a common element, in which the software state system degrades over time. Data corruption, exhaustion of system resources, and numerical error are the main signs of degradation of software performance, hang failure, or other effects. Software rejuvenation is a proactive method intended to lower the probability of unplanned outages because of aging. When the implementation plan for RPS materializes for the next a half decade it can reach new levels in business and survive in the market. RPS application architecture The Reliable Pharmaceutical Service has many existing systems and documents that undergo reviews. The company’s team will come up with the model of the entire organization. The application architecture for Reliable Pharmaceutical Service will help the company to map the business and operation functions that it performs. Additionally, the architecture shows the data type the entire company uses an d creates. The application architecture examines each and every location where the function of the business is carried out. Therefore, the plan puts together various integrated information system for the company. In addition, the architecture outlines the series required to implement the needed systems. For instance, the architecture has development and supply chain management (CSM). This is because knowledge management is one of the crucial factors in a pharmaceutical company. Real-time, customer integration, online, external service, and suppliers providers helps the company to have good customer connection with the suppliers, service providers, and customers (Fowler, 2003). The crucial components of CSM, especially the inventory management components, need further scrutiny before the support system for the customers project can begin. Other features captured in the application architecture include the accounting and finance (payroll, accounts payable, and billing), and marketing (investor relations, customer acquisition, and customer relations). The customer support system will implement the fulfillment system and order-processing that integrates the supply chain management to support web-based ordering, phone, and development of custom in-house. The retail store system is to replace the present retail store system that can be integrated with the customer support system. The human resources in the plan are to buy the package solution, to maximize the access of employees to benefits information, human resource procedures, and human resource forms. The accounting/ finance in the plan are to buy a package solution to maximize the access of the employee to financial record for control and planning (â€Å"Application architecture guide†, 2009). The figure below is an application architecture plan for RPS for the next five years. RPS technology architecture Reliable Pharmaceutical Service defines the technology architecture plan based on their information systems required. The plan includes the communication network, software and hardware needed to implement all the planned systems. The company looked at the technology trends and made commitment to technology vendors and other specific technologies. Creating the technology plan creates a comprehensive information for planning projects that would solve all the problems that the managers of

INformational interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

INformational interview - Essay Example She didn’t advise immediate specialization unless I want to pursue a very focused career, such as school counseling or psychometry. A broad based education which also includes courses from counseling, reading specialization, learning disabilities, educational leadership, and teaching English as a second language is very important. The courses in these areas help to prepare an applicant with a theoretical understanding of many areas within education. The value of a college education is that it exposes a person to the underlying foundation of a discipline of practice, making the individual broad based and flexible in more ways than a technical education. All the classes taken in the course of a university degree aren’t so much individually important as the global effects of having taken them. A college education reminds employers that one is able to comprehend specific and complex information, understand the self-discipline required to see the job through, and remind them that the employee knows the value of and how to do research to find what is needed to present information intelligently; it shows ability to problem-solve, perform critical and analytical thinking, and apply it to innovative approaches. The application of classroom theories helps a person to be able to fulfill many different roles within an organization, making a valuable contribution to the company. This, in turn, translates to job security. If starting over, the interviewee said she would diversify her education as much as possible to focus on many aspects within the general discipline. She would have included more practicums and opportunities for hands-on training while under a preceptor’s guidance. She would have included more leadership and learning disabilities courses as well. In today’s world, employers need a jack of all trades and a master of some of those trades. In teaching young children, it is not enough to just understand something education and its del ivery systems, one must have a passion for helping young people start their lives; a willingness to be a positive role model and mentor. Her area of preference is teaching English as a second language to elementary school children, this is where the interviewee feels the most fulfilled. She enjoys showing students as well as their parents how reading and communication skills in another language are very important to success in this culture. In addition to her duties school, she was often required to attend as well as workshops to the community at large, create educational booths at public events, and conduct after hours’ parent meetings and consultations. It was a challenge she seemed to enjoy. She said that’s what made her day job doable. The biggest challenge this interviewee faced in performing her position was finding funding for outreach programs to help indigent children get the reading and communication skills they need. There is such a need for information in t he communities at an approachable level. Many times indigent parents simply don’t trust the public education system in general so she had to find innovative ways to reach these families to provide services, while at the same time also finding funding for the project. The most important characteristics a person in teaching can develop are the ones associated with

Company Law - corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

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Critically evaluate the extent to which prisoners with learning Essay - 1

Critically evaluate the extent to which prisoners with learning disabilities are discriminated against in the criminal justice system( prison.) - Essay Example Various studies have been conducted emphasising upon this issue where the discrimination in the justice systems involving prisoners with learning disabilities are assessed. Based on a similar context, the study conducted by Fazel & et. al. (2008) revealed that among the aggregate population of prisoners worldwide, a large proportion of imprisoned criminals can be observed as suffering from a kind of disability (Institute for Research and Innovation in Social Services, 2009). This study will be focused on the issue related with the prevalence of prisoners with disabilities today have become a significant concern for researchers being strongly influenced by the social movement emphasising upon discriminatory practices. Research studies in this relation have revealed that prisoners with learning disabilities, which are often categorised as Autistic Spectrum Disorders narrate a comparatively more disturbing psychiatric analysis results, based on their experiences during interrogations and jurisdiction (Leggett & et, al., 2007; Myers, 2004). However, the degree of discrimination or rather relaxation dictated for criminals with learning disabilities, differ from one jurisdiction system to another. Based upon this particular issue, the study will intend to critically evaluate the degree of discrimination being practiced by various jurisdiction systems when judging the criminal conduct of prisoners with learning disabilities. With this concern, the discussion will be structured through an introductory explanation of the issue in focus and comprehensively head towards describing the points along with relevant evaluation. Illustrations will also be taken into account to substantiate the findings of the study where the arguments will be prà ©cised in the conclusion section. Recent updates confirming the noteworthy percentage of vulnerable prisoners identified with learning disabilities was presented by the report published by Talbot (2012). The report confirmed that only

The Cardillo Travel Systems Essay Example for Free

The Cardillo Travel Systems Essay Review the Cardillo Travel Systems case in your textbook. Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you: 1. Explain the Securities and Exchange Commissions rationale to charge Cardillo executives with each of the following violations: a. making false representations to outside auditors b. failing to maintain accurate financial records c. failing to file prompt financial reports with the SEC d. violating the insider trading provisions of the federal securities laws 2. Determine who was in violation or compliance of the AICPAs Code of Professional Conduct in this case study and analyze the key reasons why they were or were not in compliance. Provide support for the rationale. 3. Analyze the actions taken by Cardillos outside auditors and evaluate the level of efficiency of the audit risk management in this case study. Provide support for the rationale. 4. Determine whether or not the five (5) components of internal control were being followed. Support the response with at least two (2) examples. 5. Create an argument for or against whether auditors have a responsibility to assess the judgment of the decisions made by Cardillos management. Support the argument. 6. Use at least two (2) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar type Websites do not qualify as academic resources. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the students name, the professors name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: Analyze the process and regulatory requirements  for professional ethical decision making. Analyze the critical factors of business, audit, and planning risks, and the process of managing these risks in audit engagements. Analyze an audit framework and assessment process for evaluating the effectiveness of internal controls related to financial reporting. Use technology and information resources to research issues in auditing. Write clearly and concisely about auditing using proper writing mechanics. Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic / organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric found here.

The Correcting Of Errors In Students Work English Language Essay

The Correcting Of Errors In Students Work English Language Essay Look at the following pieces of written work. In each case write a list of all the errors that have been made. Mark on the list, which type of error they are, according to the simple classification above. Write the correct version of the error underneath eg: Student 1 I am 46 years old and married (G) for twenty years. We have got three children, one soon (SP) and two daughters. There (G) are six, eight and eleven years old. I am an electrical engineer and worked (T) for a company who manufactured (T)machines for processing automatically.(WO) At first, I am going to learn English in Great Britain. Its very important for my job. Then, I would like to have a little compangniy (SP) with about ten co-worker (WW) for myself. If it (G) isnt possible, Ill (G) manage a department who developed (G T) high technology machines. I became (WO)the test sheets for complete (WO) and (G)return directly at you. You phoned at your agent about my course at your school in Bristol. Very thanks for your trouble. (WO) Im happy to come at (PR)your school and Im (G) sure to learn better English. (G) I dont know my flight number on the 5st (SP) March. I would (G) let you (MW) as soon as possible. 1. I am 46 years old and married (G) for twenty years.   C- I am 46 years old and have been married for twenty years. 2. We have got three children, one soon (SP) and two daughters. C- We have got three children, one son two daughters. 3.There (G) are six, eight eleven years old. C- They are six, eight eleven years old. 4. I am an electrical engineer and worked (T) for a company who manufactured machines for processing automatically (T). C- I am an electrical engineer and work for a company who manufactures automatic processing machines. 5. Then, I would like to have a little compagniy (SP) with about ten co-worker (WW)for myself. C- Then, I would like to have a little company with about ten employees 6. If it (G) isnt possible, Ill manage a department who (G) developed (T) high technology machines. C- If that isnt possible, Ill like to manage a department  that  develops high technology machine. 7. I became (WW) the test sheets for complete (WW) and (G)return directly at (PR)you. C- I have the test sheets for completion and I will return directly to you. 8. You phoned at your agent about my course at your school in bristol. C-   The error may be context and grammar    9. Very thanks for your trouble. (WO) C- Many thanks for your trouble 10. Im happy to come at (PR)your school and Im sure to (G) learn better English. (WW) C- Im happy to come to your school and Im sure I will improve my English. 11. I dont know my flight number on the 5st March (G). C- I dont know  my flight number on the 5th of March. 12. I would (G)let you ^as soon as possible. C- I will let you know as soon as possible. Student 2 I am fourty (SP) years old. My height is 1.8m (G) and my hair is blond. My hobbys (SP)are walking and climbing (sp) in the mountain (G). My job (G) is Quality-Manager. I live (T) ten years at (PR) Russikon. I weake (SP) up at seven ochlock (SP) in the morning. I go (G) for breakfast in the kitchen. After the breakfast and I drive to work by car. In the office there is a lot of work. I have a brak at ten oclock and I drink a tea. 12 oclock I go home for lunch. In the future I will a good life with my family. I hope I get a lot of money. I will learn better English for my job. I hope you will be happy with my history. 1.  Im fourty years old. C- Im forty (SP)  years old. 2. My height is 1.8m (G) and my hair is blond. C- I am 1.8m tall and my hair is blond. 3. My hobbys (SP)are walking and clymbimgin (SP)the mountain (G). C- My hobbies are walking and climbing in the mountains. 4. My job is quality-manager. (G) C-I am a quality- manager 5.  I live ten years at Russikon. (G/WO) C- I have lived 10 years in Russikon 6. I weake (SP) up at seven ochlock (SP) in the morning. C- I wake up seven oclock in the morning. 7. I go for breakfast in the kitchen. (G) C- I have my breakfast in the kitchen 8. After the breakfast (G) and I drive to work by car. C-After breakfast, I drive to work by car. 9. In the office there is a lot of work. (WO) C- There is lot of work in the office 10. I have a break at ten oclock and I drink a tea. C- I have a break at ten oclock and I have a cup of tea 11. In the future I will (G) a good life with my family. C-In the future I hope to have good life with my family. 12. I hope I get a lot (G,WO) of money. C- I hope I will  make lot of money. 13. I will learn better (G) english (SP) for my job. C-I hope to improve my English as I need it for my job. 14. I hope  you will be happy with my history. (WW) C-I hope you will be happy with my story. Student 3. Yesterday I arrived in Bath. In this town there is a college where Ill study English for two weeks. When we arrived at the college we went to our bedroom. I stay in bed-room with my best friend and Im very happy for this. At eight oclock we had dinner and then we have visited the college. It is beautiful and there is also a swimming pool. Then we caome back to our bed-room wher Ive chatted whit my friend for a long time. We both happy and we both hope to have good time in this college. Unfortunately the weather isnt very good yesterday rained and today too but I think that the weather isnt very important. 1. Yesterday I arrived in Bath. (WO) C- I arrived in Bath yesterday. 2. In this town there is a college (WO)where Ill study English for two weeks. C   There is a college in this town where Ill study English for two weeks. 3. When we arrived at the college we went to our bedroom. (G) C- When we arrived at the college, we went to our bedrooms. 4. I stay in bed-room with my best friend and Iam very happy for this. (G, WO) C-I am very happy that I am sharing the room with my best friend. 5. At eight oclock we had dinner and then we have (G) visited the college. C- At eighth oclock we had dinner then we visited the college. 6. Then we caome (SP) back to our bed-room wher (G) Ive chatted (G) whit (SP) my friend for a long time. C-Then we came (SP) back to our bedroom where I chat with my friend for a long time. (G) 6. We both happy (G) and we both hope to have a good time in this (PR) college. C- We are both happy and we both hope to have a good time at this college. 7. Unfortunately the weather isnt (G)very good yesterday rained and today too. (WO) C- Unfortunately the weather wasnt very good; it rained  yesterday again today.   8. But I think that the weather isnt very (G) important. C- I dont think the weather is very important. Student 4 1.I had been (G) in London for about four days, (conjunction) I saw the Tower  of London, the Tower bridge the Big Ben and the other famous places of this city (G, WO). C- I have been (G) in London for about four days, and I saw the Tower of London, Tower Bridge, Big Ben and some of the citys other famous places.   2. To arrive in Bath, I brought a coach. (WO) C- I came to  Bath by coach. 3. The journey was long (WO) but Im very happy to arrive (G) in this town. C- It was a long journey but Im very happy to have arrived in this town. 4.. I didnt stay (G)here before, but all my friends who saw (G) Bath tell me that it is very beautiful. C- I have never been here before, but all my friends who have visited Bath tell me it is very beautiful 5. I hope I (G) enjoy myself very much. C- I hope I  will enjoy myself very much. Student 5. Collection of error, not a narrative. a) Thank you for the informations. (G) C- Thank you for the information b) I stand up at 6 oclock in the morning. (WW) C- I wake up at 6 oclock in the morning. c) When I am ready I am eating my meal. (T) C- When I am ready I will eat my meal. d) I passed a good week with you. (WW) C- I spent a good week with you. e) I want saying you thank you. (G) C- I want to say thank you. f) I had ^(G) very nice lunch and ^(G) wine and it made me very full up (WO) and Im no more hungry. C- I had a very nice lunch and a glass of wine, and it made me very full and I am not hungry anymore g) Where I stay (G) the wife is a very good cooker (WO). C- Where I am staying, the wife is a very good cook. h) The father is very humouristic. (WW) C- The landlord is very humoristic. i) Im deceived (WW) for answer as ^ quickly. C- I am unable to answer quickly. j) My friend dont let me any place. C Convoluted, with multiple meanings. k) The weather gets warmer in summer isnt it (P, G)? C- The weather gets warmer in summer doesnt it? i) My partner gives the answer dont he? (WO)    C- He has the answer doesnt he? m) The weather will remember me England. (WO) C- The weather reminds me of England. n) We put there our luggage. (WO) C- We put  our  luggage there. o) On five oclock I want to eat my tea. (P, WO) C-  I want to eat my  tea at five oclock.   Grammar Present Perfect vs Past Simple Exercise 1 (Ive been or I was?) Complete this letter to a newspaper. Put in the Present Perfect or Past Simple. This pub __________ (be) the centre of village life for centuries. It _________(stand) at our crossroads for 500 years. It ___________(be) famous in the old days, and Shakespeare once ____________(stay) there, they say. I __________(live) in Brickfield all my life. The villagers ___________(know) about the plans for less than a week and already theres a Save Our Pub campaign. Last week we _______________(be) happy, but this week were angry. We will stop them, youll see. Reason why the exercise is good: This exercise is useful as it gives students are given a context to fill in the blanks with the right language use Exercise 2 Present perfect or past simple? Put in the verbs. Tom: Have you heard (you/hear) the news about David? Harriet: No. (1) __________________(what/happen)? Tom: (2) ____________(he/have) an accident. He was walking down some steps. (3) _________(he/fall) and ____________(break) his leg. Reason why this exercise is good: It makes a realistic exercise for students to practice the language use in speaking. Relative clauses (who,that, which) Join the following sentences to make one sentence using a relative pronoun when necessary. If the relative pronoun is unnecessary, put it in brackets. You may sometimes have to change the word order or change a into the. Theres the boy. He broke the window. _______________________________ The film star gave a party. It cost $10,000. _______________________________ Thats the palace. The Queen lives in it. _______________________________ You met a man at the party. He is a famous film star. The man_______________________________ My friend came to the party. Hes a policeman. _______________________________ There are the policemen. They caught the thief. _______________________________ Whats the name of the lady? She was wearing the blue dress. _______________________________ I gave her a watch. It stopped after two days. _______________________________ My car was very expensive. Its a Mercedes. _______________________________ Youre reading a book. I wanted to read it. _______________________________ Reason why this exercise is good: Students get to practice language use in writing as they combine 2 sentences together, and also forming the sentence in the correct subject verb order with the correct relative clause. Relative clauses Put a relative pronoun into each gap. At the same time, decide whether the relative pronoun can be omitted. 1 The books, _______________ Id ordered over the internet, took nearly three weeks to arrive. 2 The books _______________ Id ordered from a bookshop arrived the following week. 3 My parents, _______________ were born in the north of England, moved to London to find work. 4 The man _______________ lives upstairs is always playing music when Im trying to get to sleep. 5 The building _______________ I live in was built in the 1920s. 6 The building _______________ I live was built in the 1920s. 7 The cars making a funny noise again, _______________ means well have to get someone to look at it. 8 The employee to _______________ you refer is no longer working for this company. 9 Do you remember the name of the man _______________ car you crashed into? 10 Have you any idea _______________ they were arguing about? 11 Have you any idea _______________ they were arguing? 12 The hotel _______________ we stayed was very good for the price. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences by using either what or which. (When which is used it should be preceded by a comma which the student must insert for himself). 1.- He didnt believed ____ I said ____ annoyed me very Married man (to bachelor friend): You can do ________ like much. in the evenings but I have to go home to my wife. 2.- In detective stories the murderer is always caught ____ 20.- ________ my neighbour is cooking there is a smell of doesnt happen in real life. burning. 3.- He wasnt surprised at ____ he saw because I told him ____ to expect. 4.- In hospitals they wake patients at 6 a.m. ____ is much too early. 5.- There was no directory in the first telephone box ____ meant I had to go to another one. 6.- I did ____ I could ____ wasnt much. 7.- The clock struck thirteen ____ made everyone laugh. 8.- I am sure that ____ you say is true. Will/going to exercise Explanation: will-future or going to-future Bottom of Form 1) Philipp __________15 next Wednesday. (to be) 2) They ___________a new computer. (to get) 3) I think, my mother ______________this CD. (to like) 4) Pauls sister _____________a baby. (to have) 5) They_____________ at about 4 in the afternoon. (to arrive) 6) Just a moment. I _______ you with the bags. (to help) 7) In 2020 people ___________ more hybrid cars. (to buy) 8) Marvin __________ a party next week. (to throw) 9) We _____________ to Venice in June. (to fly) 10) Look at the clouds! It ________________soon. (to rain) Question Tags exercise You are at a barbecue. Add question tags to help start a friendly conversation. These sausages are delicious, ___________________? They certainly are. You havent lived here long ________________? No, only three months. Its quite a big garden _____________? Yes, theres plenty of room. Youre Rachels friend _____________? Yes, Im Vicky You came in a sports car, ____________? Thats right. These burgers look good ____________? I cant wait to try them. We can sit on the grass ____________? I think its dry enough. The weather forecast wasnt very good, ____________? No, it wasnt. The exercise guides students to fill in the right question tag by giving both the question and answer. Exercise 2 Requests and questions. You want to look at a newspaper. Daniel might have one, so ask him (havent) Warn David not to do anything silly. (Dont) Suggest to Vicky that you both listen to some music. (Lets) You need a timetable. Emma might have one, so ask her. (havent) Ask Rachel to pass you the salt. (Pass) This exercise is good as students will have to reconstruct the question and answer. Present Simple/ Present continuous Simple Present or Present Progressive/Continuous Exercise 2 Explanation: Simple Present or Present Progressive Top of Form Fill in the verbs in brackets in the Simple Present or the Present Progressive. Example: Steve always ____ his bike in the afternoon. (to ride) Answer: Steve always rides his bike in the afternoon. 1) Andy sometimes _______ comics. (to read) 2) We never ________ TV in the morning. (to watch) 3) Listen! Sandy ________ in the bathroom. (to sing) 4) My sister usually ________ in the kitchen. (to help) 5) My mother ________ breakfast now. (to make) 6) They often ________ the bathroom. (to clean) 7) Look! The boys ________ home. (to come) 8) Every day his grandfather ________ for a walk. (to go) 9) I ________ with my friend at the moment. (to chat) 10) Cats ________ mice. (to eat) Bottom of Form http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_progressive2.htm Exercise 2 Im writing to my parents. I write to them every weekend. _________________(it/snow) outside. ______________(it/come) down quite hard, look. I havent got a car at the moment, so ______________(I/go) to work on the bus this week. Usually _________________(I/drive) to work. Normally _______________(I/start) work at eight oclock, but ___________ (I/start) at seven this week. Were very busy at the moment. Im afraid I have no time to help just now. ______________ (I/write) a report. But _____________ (I/promise) Ill give you some help later. ______________ (I/want) a new car. _______________ (I/save) up to buy one. Verbs followed by prepositions Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions. 1 She suffers _______ diabetes. _________________________________ 2 She complained _______ the food to the manager. _________________________________ 3 I often listen ________ the radio while driving. _________________________________ 4 He got married ______ a girl he met in China. _________________________________ 5 She has applied ______ a new job. _________________________________ 6 He spends a lot of time ______ his work. _________________________________ 7 Who are you shouting ________ ? _________________________________ 8 Who does this book belong ______ ? _________________________________ 9 They are going to translate the book _______ Chinese. _________________________________ 10 She apologised ____ being late. _________________________________ 11 Her teachers were satisfied ______ her progress. _________________________________ 12 Im thinking _______ going to France. Verb and Prepositions For each of the six questions choose the one correct answer: 1. Youve been talking about asking her out for weeks, what are you waiting ____? a. to b. in c. at d. for 2. Yeah, Mr Bennett is our history teacher, hes nice but I never know what hes talking _______. a. of b. on c. about d. over 3. Ive finally decided to call ______ Simon, I want to know how he feels. a. b. to c. at d. in 4. People say he works _____ the CIA, and he carries a gun! a. at b. for c. with d. in 5. What kind of music do you like listening ____? a. to b. at c. d. for 6. What did you discuss _____ at the meeting? a. on b. over c. about d. Adverbial modifier of Place 1 Underline the adverbial modifier in the sentences. The arrow fell on this spot You can buy it in all places. He fell to the ground. He studied in a foreign country. I found the book at that corner. Underline the adverbial modifier in the sentences. The shoe is pressing on my toe. The desert stretched to the north. Much water has run under the bridge. He was playing beside the river. He whispered gaily in her ear. These exercises draws students to the adverbial phrases used within the context of a sentence. Adverbial modifier of Time 1 Underline the adverbial modifier in the sentences. No such diseases were known in those days. He is coming at this very moment. Before very long, the rain came. In former times, we had to cycle to school. He came to the class just now. Adverbial modifier of Time 2 Underline the adverbial modifier in the sentences. He succeeded in the long run. Let us cease work from this very moment. He sat for a while on the bank of the river. The alarm sounded at the appointed time. I hope he will come at a very early date. General Tenses 1 Rewrite the sentences by correcting the tenses. I was eating breakfast right now. Usually I worked in an office, However , these days, I was working as a waitress. He woke up in the morning brush his teeth and ate lunch. I will not eat until I will be hungry. When I arrived, Steven has been playing football. Reason why this exercise is good: Giving students error correction exercises allows them to be less self-conscious of the mistakes they make, as well as gain an understanding of the different errors. Correct Answer: I am eating breakfast right now. Usually I worked in an office, However , these days, I am working as a waitress. He woke up in the morning, brushed his teeth and ate lunch. I will not eat until I am hungry. When I arrived, Steven was playing football. General Tenses 2 Choose the correct answer. 1. The train wasnt there. It __________ already had been left has left had left 2. How long __________________each other when they got married? have they known had they known would they know 3. She ________________ to speak English before she arrived in London. had learned already will have already learned had already learned 4. Rick ______________ good Mandarin because he had been studying for several years. spoke had spoken has spoken 5. I _____________ from him for ten years when I received his last letter. didnt hear hadnt been hearning hadnt heard It is, it was, it will be 1 Answer the questions using the above words. You may add your own details. 1. In which year did Mary start schooling? 2. What sport does John play in school? 3. Where did the Olympic Games originate? 4. When can you finished the project? When is the sun nearer to the earth, at noon or at sunset? These questions give students free reign to practice their language use. It is, it was, it will be 2 Answer the questions using the above words. You may add your own details. 1. When will Paul graduate? 2. Do you know who has taken the pencil? 3. Is the snake longer than 1 metre? 4. Who has taken the pie yesterday? 5. Will the basket be weaved in a 3 days? Preposition of Place Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition. Being chased by the dog, he dashed _________ the road. He leaned __________ the wall as he waited for the bus. All the while the child has been standing __________ the curtain. The supporters stand _________ the politician as he was being charged. He kept very silent as he sat ___________ the boss. Answer: 1) across against behind by besides Preposition of Place Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition. He lost his way and came ______ the end of the road. The chest can be found ______ the surface of the cross junction. As he was brooding when walking he fell _______ a ditch. We have combed _______ the estate and could not find the dog. The workers marched _______ the town in protest. Answer to below into round through Preposition of Time Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition. We start ____ six _____ in the morning. _____ last month I have seen him but once. He was at the library _____ the whole day. Ten minutes _____ twelve, he was already there. The citizens prospered ______ the rule of the king Asnwer at , in from during to under Preposition of Time 2 Fill in the blank with the correct preposition. There was drought _______ the year. The students arrived well ______ the teacher. They completed the project ______ three o clock. You must finish the marking _______ a month The rain lasted ______ the night. Answer: throughout before by within through Preposition + Dates Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition. 1) I have been ill ___________ last week. 2) I commenced work ________ 1st January 3) Not ______ the next month can I submit the project. 4) I shall work ______ the end of May. 5) _______ week 1 and week 2, I will be on holiday. Answer since from until till Between Preposition + Dates 2 Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition. 1) You must complete the assignment _____ the 8th of June. 2) ________ April , you can go on leave. 3) They have worked _______ the month of January. 4) He goes _____ Sunday to the church. 5) He took off in lie _____ Monday holiday. Answer by after into on of Present Simple and Simple Future Complete the following by putting in the verbs. Use the present simple or future simple. Alice ___________ (walk) to school everyday. These books _________ twenty dollars each. (cost) I ________________ (call) you when I reach the office. The sun _____________ (rise) in the east. We ____________ (travel) to Japan during the summer holiday if we can get the air tickets. Answer walks cost will call rises will travel Present Simple and Simple Future Complete the following by putting in the verbs. Use the present simple or simple future. Badminton is a wonderful game. John ___________ (love) to play it. 2 The train usually ____________ (leave) at five-thirty every morning. 3. I ______________(send) you the information when I receive it. The phone is ringing. I _____________ (get) it. It always ____________ (rain) in the weekend. Answer loves leaves will send will get rains Reason consequence 1 Identify which is the reason and which is the consequence in the sentences. Janet was so fat that she refused to take part in sport. It was his greed that led to his downfall. If I go out in the rain I get wet. I will buy the house provided that it is cheap. He finished last as he began late. This exercise corrects the errors by showing what is wrong and getting students to arrange it in the right order. Reason consequence 2 Identify which is the reason and which is the consequence in the sentences. 1) In case he is seriously ill. I will email you. 2) Had you been less rash, we would not lose the game. 3) It is your unfortunate remark that the meeting becomes sour. 4) As you have made a promise, you must keep it. 5) He speaks too fast to be understood. Simple Present and Past Simple Present Simple and Past Simple to be Complete the sentences with am, is, was, or were. Where ____________ Paul today? Kenny ____________ in Japan last month. Joseph ____________ not present at the moment. ____________ the boys in school last week? Could he read when he ______________ one year old ? Rewrite the passage with the right form of the verb. I (go) to the cinema last night. What film (you-see) ? I (see) The Lord of The Rings . Really? (you-like) it? It (be) really fantastic. I

Ultrasonic Evaluation of Horizontal Defects

Ultrasonic Evaluation of Horizontal Defects A Novel Method for Ultrasonic Evaluation of Horizontal Defects Using Time-of-Flight Diffraction Abstract Time-of-flight Diffraction method (ToFD) is an amplitude-independent sizing method, which is based on the measurement of time-of-flight of defect tip diffracted waves. Although, ToFD can measure through-wall length of defect accurately, this method is not able to measure horizontal defect size. In this paper, a new time of flight diffraction (ToFD) method for evaluating horizontal planar defects is presented. The finite element method, using ABAQUS software package, is employed to simulate the ultrasonic wave behavior in the test blocks and its interaction with the embedded planar defects. The phased array technology is also used to model the ultrasonic inspection system parameters. FEM simulation of the new ToFD method for different crack sizes shows that, compared to the conventional ToFD method, the accuracy of results is within acceptable range to use the novel technique for measuring the horizontal planar defects. Keywords Ultrasonic wave, diffracted wave, horizontal planar defects, ToFD 1. Introduction Non-destructive testing has been increasingly used to assure the quality and reliability in the oil and gas pipeline industries. The ultrasonic pulse-echo technique uses the pulse flight time to locate the flaw and the echo amplitude to measure the defect size. Since the amplitude of the reflected pulses can be influenced by many parameters, such as beam spread, surface roughness and transparency, using amplitude is not always sufficient for accurate defect sizing (Krautkramer, 1990).The basis of the Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) technique was invented at the National NDT Centre, Harwell, in the 1970s. Time-of-Flight Diffraction was invented mainly by Silk and his co-workers at the Harwell Laboratory. It was developed over a period of about 10 years starting in the early 1970s, from a laboratory curiosity into a sophisticated full-scale inspection method capable of detecting and sizing defects in components accurately (Silk, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978)[M1][S2]. The ToFD technique is an amplitude-independent sizing method, based on the measurement of time-of-flight of flaw tips diffracted waves. Golan and Sachese suggested a method to calculate crack size from the time delay between the arrival of a surface longitudinal reference beam and a longitudinal or shear beam diffracted from the tips of crack (Golan, 1980). Mak (Mak, 1983) developed a trigonometric method to calculate location, height and angle of defect by a transducer located in different scan positions. The ToFD technique provides the highest possible accuracy in measuring the depth and through-wall length of defects (Charlesworth et al., 2001), (Baby et al., 2003), (Al-Ataby, 2012). In 1986, finite element simulation of ultrasonic wave propagation and its interaction with defects have been conducted by Ludwig and Lord (Ludwig et al., 1986). The numerical analysis of wave propagation for ToFD in an austenitic stainless steel specimen with consideration of the effects of scattering at grain boundaries was carried out by Lin et al. (Lin et al., 2006), and Connolly (Connolly, 2009). They developed an efficient method for modeling the effects of coarse grains in austenitic materials. In 2007, simulation of the ToFD technique, using finite element method, was carried out by Baskaran et al. They used ANSYS finite element package to model the propagation of ultrasonic waves in a thin cracked two dimensional specimen (Baskaran et al., 2006). In 2010, Honarvar and Khorasani used ABAQUS software package to simulate the propagation of ultrasonic waves and diffraction phenomena. They compared simulated results for drilled-hole diffraction with photo elastic snapshots (Honarv ar and Khorasani et al., 2010). Though, ToFD provides better accuracy in locating and sizing defects than other ultrasonic sizing methods and has a high probability of flaw detection (POD), only through-wall length of the defect can be measured and the defect real size cannot be evaluated (Charlesworth et al., 2001). Therefore, ToFD method cannot be used for measuring and sizing horizontal cracks (horizontal planar defects) (ASME, 2010). In this paper, a new time of flight diffraction (ToFD) method is presented for evaluating and measuring horizontal planar defects. The finite element method, using ABAQUS software package, is employed to simulate the ultrasonic wave behavior in the test blocks and its interaction with the embedded planar defects. The finite element results for different crack sizes are used to study and investigate the presence and generation of different wave modes in the test block and the efficiency and efficacy of the new proposed method. 2. Review of conventional time-of-flight diffraction method (ToFD) The ToFD technique uses tip diffraction to identify the top, bottom, and ends of a discontinuity. Silk chose to use an angled compression wave for the ToFD technique rather than a shear wave, for two reasons. First, the tip diffraction signal is stronger than a shear wave diffraction signal, and second, a lateral wave is produced that can be used to measure the horizontal distance between the transmitter and receiver. The tip diffraction signal is generated at the tip of the discontinuity; effectively a â€Å"point† source. According to Huygens (Krautkramer et al., 1990), a point source produces a spherical wave. Figure 1-a shows a typical TOFD transducer set-up on a component with a vertical discontinuity. Figure 1-b shows both the lateral wave and a diffraction beam from the tip of a reflector. There are four sound paths from the transmitter to the receiver. Path â€Å"A† is the lateral wave path traveling just below the surface. Path â€Å"B† is the tip diffraction path from the top of the discontinuity. Path â€Å"C† is the tip diffraction path from the bottom of the discontinuity, and path â€Å"D† is the back wall echo path. Figure 2 shows a typical un-rectified received signal using ToFD. Note that the phase relationships A and C are in opposite phase to B and D. The important difference to note is between B and C; the top and bottom diffraction signals ar e in opposite phase. This phase difference allows the practitioner to identify those points.[M3] Assuming[S4] that the diffracting tip is centered between the two transducers, the depth of crack tips below the inspection surface can be calculated from (1) [M5][S6](2) and therefore, (3) Where a is the defect through-wall size, d1 is depth of top edge from surface, d2 is depth of bottom edge from surface and 2S is probe separation (see Figure 1-b). C is the longitudinal wave velocity inside the material, t2 and t3 are, respectively, the travel times of waves diffracted from the top and bottom of the crack. 3. Finite element modelingof time-of-flight diffractionmethod In this section, the finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the ultrasonic wave propagation in the time of flight diffraction technique. The FEM modeling consists of two basic steps; defining mesh configuration and problem discretization, modeling of the transmitting and receiving transducers. ABAQUS finite element software package is employed for analysis and a two-dimensional four-node quadrilateral plane strain element, CPE4R, is used in ABAQUS to discretize a carbon steel test block including vertical crack. See Figure (1-b). The mesh size depends on the frequency of the propagated wave in the sample and the corresponding wavelength. The piezoelectric angle wave transducer, transmitter, is simulated by a transient single frequency pulse wave applying on the surface of the sample. The transient excitation is modeled using a cyclic single frequency pressure/force function as (Mardani et al., 2012), (4) where f is the excitation wave frequency and N is the number of cycles. Using linear delay law for phased array transducers, the compressional excitations can be applied on the sequential elements so that ultrasonic wave propagates at a specific angle, ÃŽ ¸S. The delay time between adjacent elements, or nodes, is calculated using hyphen’s principle (Olympus NDT, 2007) as, (5) where d is distance between two adjacent elements, ÃŽ ¸s is steering angle of propagation, C is longitudinal wave speed in the media and Δt is time delay between two adjacent elements. To investigate the convergence of the results and the appropriate element size for a 2 MHz frequency ultrasonic wave, the signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, is obtained for different element sizes. As it can be seen in Figure 3, at f = 2 MHz, the maximum SNR and SNR convergence occurs for the element sizes smaller than 60 ÃŽ ¼m. 4. The proposed method As it was mentioned before, using the conventional ToFD method in Eqs. (1) to (3), the difference between time-of-flight diffractions of upper and lower crack tips gives the defect through-wall size and the actual defect size cannot be measured. This means that the conventional ToFD technique leads to large errors for oblique defects and cannot also be used for horizontal defects. In the proposed method, a novel configuration and the corresponding formula are used so that the ToFD method can be employed to evaluate horizontal planar defects. Figure 4 shows the proposed ToFD configuration on the specimen with a horizontal planar discontinuity. As it can be seen, in this configuration, two transducers including a transmitter/receiver, No. 1 and a receiver, No. 2, are located at the both sides of defect. The ultrasonic wave propagation, in this configuration, is simulated using ABAQUS to study the behavior of ultrasonic wave modes in the test block and their interaction with the defect. In Figure 5, the different incident ultrasonic wave modes are shown. The transmitting transducer, T1, emits a short pulse of ultrasonic wave, longitudinal wave, into the component and energy spreads out as it propagates into the specimen. If the crack face is smooth, there will be a mirror-like reflection of the wave incident on the face. See Figure 6. For any horizontal planar discontinuity, whether smooth or rough-faced, diffraction from the edges of the defect causes some fraction of the incident energy travel towards the receiving transducers R1and R2 in longitudinal and shear modes with different wave velocity. As it can be seen in Figures 6 and 7, the mode conversion behavior due to the interaction of ultrasonic wave with the defect leads to the presence of longitudinal and shear waves from each tips of the defect. Moreover, three different wave modes, including longitudinal lateral, shear lateral and Rayleigh waves travel from the transmitting transducer, T1, to the receiving transducer, R2. See Figure 5. If the crack is large enough, the signals from the two end of defect will be sufficiently separated in time to be recognized as coming from separate sources. Therefore, using this configuration and the related ultrasonic wave propagation simulation, the time difference between the received longitudinal diffracted waves from the left and right defect tips to each receiver, R1 and R2, can be employed to measure the horizontal defect size. It should be noted that the new method can also be used for evaluating the vertical defects. To calculate the horizontal defect size using Pythagoras’ theorem gives, [M7] (6[S8]) and (7) where t1 is the arrival time of the signal diffracted from the left tip of the defect by receiver 1, R1, and t2 is the arrival time of the signal diffracted from the right tip of the defect by receiver 2, R2. CL is the longitudinal wave velocity and 2S is the separation between the transducers. 5. Results and Discussions To investigate the efficiency and efficacy of the proposed method, using finite element modeling, the novel method is carried out on eight carbon steel blocks with different size embedded horizontal cracks. The test blocks have 100 mm lengths and 20à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ 20 mm2 cross sections and are modeled with ABAQUS finite element software package using CPE4R plane strain elements. The acoustic and elastic properties of carbon steel are given in Table 1[M9][S10]. Each block contains a horizontal planar defect. The defects have 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 mm length and 12 mm depth, see Figure 4. The transmitter is modeled as an 8-element 2 MHz phased array transducer. Each element of the phased array transducer has 0.5 mm length and the gap space between two adjacent elements is 0.1 mm. The first receiving transducer is located on the position of the transmitter and the second is located at 35 mm distance from the transmitter on the inspection surface, 2S = 35 mm. The ABAQUS finite elemen t software package is used to simulate the new ultrasonic ToFD method. The received signals at the first and the second receivers are shown in Figures 8 and 9. In Figure 8, the first echo is related to the transient pulse waves, Eq. (4), generated by the eight elements of the phased array transducer using a specific delay times, Eq. (5), which receives at the first receiver, initial pulse. In this signal, the second echo is related to wave diffraction from the left tip of the defect which is detected by the first receiver, R1. The back-wall reflection from back surface of the block is shown as the third echo in this figure. Figure 9 shows the signal received by the second transducer, R2. In this signal, the first echo is due to the longitudinal mode of the lateral wave which travels from transmitter to the receiver 2, R2, and the second echo is diffracted wave from the right tip of the horizontal defect. Figures 5, 6 and 7 show the corresponding waves propagated in the test block. U sing the signals detected by the receiving transducers, the corresponding times due to diffracted echoes from the defect tips (left and right) are determined, and then the horizontal defect size is measured using Eqs. (6) and (7). The new method is carried out on eight carbon steel blocks with different size embedded horizontal cracks. The measured crack size resulting from FEM simulation of each block is shown in Table 2. Comparing the simulated and the measured crack size results shows that the maximum error is %19.7 which occurs at 2 mm crack size. As it can be seen in Table 2, the measured crack size error is minimized within the crack size range of 8 14 mm and is slightly increased for larger defects. This agrees with the conventional ToFD results which show higher measurement errors at smaller crack sizes (Charlesworth et al., 2001). Considering the simulated results of different crack size shown in Table 2, show that accuracy of the proposed method for horizontal cracks, comparing to the conventional method for vertical cracks, is within acceptable range. 6. Conclusions In this paper, a new time of flight diffraction (ToFD) method to evaluate horizontal planar defects was presented. The finite element method was employed to simulate the ultrasonic wave behavior in the test blocks and its interaction with the embedded planar defects, such as crack. The phased array technology was also used to model the ultrasonic inspection system parameters. Simulation of the new ToFD method for different crack sizes, using ABAQUS finite element package, showed that, comparing to the conventional ToFD method, the result accuracies are within acceptable range to use the novel technique for measuring the horizontal planar defects. [M11]Using[S12] the new method for eight carbon steel blocks with different size horizontal cracks (2–16 mm) showed that the maximum error occurs at 2 mm crack length. Also, it was observed that the measured crack size error is minimized within the range of 8 14 mm and is slightly increased for larger defects. References Al-Ataby, A. A., Automatic detection, Sizing and Characterization of Weld Defects Using Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Diffraction, PhD Dissertation, Liverpool University, p.95-96, 2012. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Boiler and Pressure Vessel code, Section V, Non Destructive Examination. Appendix N time of flight diffraction (TOFD) Interpretation, Article 4, 2010. Baby, S., Balasubramanian, T. , Pardikar, R.J., Palaniappan, M. , and Subbaratnam, R. , Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique for Accurate Sizing of Surface-breaking Cracks, Insight, June, Vol. 45, No. 6, p. 426-430, 2003. Baskaran, G., Balasubramaniam, K., and Lakshmana Rao, C., Shear Wave Time-of-flight Diffraction (S-ToFD) Technique, NDTE International, Vol. 39, p.458-467, 2006. Charlesworth, J. P., and Temple, J. A. G., Engineering Applications of Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction, England, RSP Press , p.20-28,2001. Connolly, G.D., Modeling of the Propagation of Ultrasound through Austenitic Steel Welds, Ph.D.Dissertation, UK Research Centre in NDE (RCNDE) Department of Mechanical Engineering Imperial College London, 2009. Golan, S., Sizing of Cracks with Scattered Ultrasonic Waves, Proceeding of First International Symposium Ultrasonic Characterization, p. 29-36, 1980. Hellier, C. J., Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation, McGraw Hill, 2003. Honarvar, F., and Khorasani, S., Simulation of Time of Flight Diffraction (ToFD) Technique by Finite Element Method, Online Workshop in www.ndt.net, September, 2010. Krautkramer, J., and krautkramer, H., Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1990. Lin, S., Futomi, H., and Ogata, T., Analysis of Wave Propagation for the ToFD Method by Finite Eement Method: Optimization of Test Configuration and Proposal of a New ToFD Method, Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 25, 2006. Ludwig and, R., and, Lord, W., Developments in the Finite Element Modeling of Ultrasonic NDT Phenomena, Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 5A, American Institute of Physics, p.73-81, 1986. Mak, D.K., Ultrasonic Method for Measuring Crack Location, Crack Height and Crack Angle, Ultrasonics, p.259-270, 1983. Mardani, M., Sodagar, S., and Rashed, G. R., Modeling of Ultrasonic Phased Array Method Using Finite Element Method, ISME2012, Shiraz, Iran. Olympus NDT, Advances in Phased Array Ultrasonic Technology Applications, Waltham, 2007. Silk, M.G., Defect detection and sizing in metal using ultrasound, Int. Metall, V.27, pp28-50, 1973. Silk, M.G., Accurate Technique for Defect Sizing in Pressurized Components, London, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, V.3, pp155-162, 1974. Silk, M.G., Defect Sizing Using Ultrasonic Diffraction, British Journal of Nondestructive Test, V.21, p.12-15, 1976. Silk, M.G., The Use of Diffraction-based Ttime-of-flight Measurement to Locate and Size Defects, British journal of Nondestructive Test, Vol. 26, p.208-213, 1978. [M1]please shorten this and delete repeated and unnecessary information. [S2]Done [M3]How do you see these in Figure 2? [S4]It can be explained by: The maximum amplitude at first (A) and third (C) echoes at tL and t2 are dip (negative) and the maximum amplitude at second (B) and fifth (D) are peak (positive). [M5]Show â€Å"S† in figure 1-b. [S6]Done [M7]Show all parameters in the figures. [S8]Done. [M9]Give all units in this table. [S10]Done. [M11]This is more like an abstract than conclusions. It adds nothing to the paper. [S12]Done.

Success in The Old Man and the Sea :: Ernest Hemmingway

Success Comes in Many Forms Obtaining a goal can bring success to one’s outer â€Å"world† and to one’s inner spirit, the mind and soul. An achievement may bring recognition and respect from surrounding peers. It can also encourage one’s self esteem as well as give them more courage. In Ernest Hemmingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago receives outer, material formed success by earning the respect of his fellow peers and by attaining more physical strength. He also receives inner, spiritual formed success by gaining more self esteem. First, the old man receives outer success by earning the respect and appreciation of the boy and the other fishermen. The boy is speaking to the old man in his shack after the old man’s long journey, â€Å"You must get well fast for there is much that I can learn and you can teach me everything† (Hemmingway 126). The boy appreciates the fact that the old man spends time to teach him about fishing. He respects him a great deal for he knows that the old man is very wise and is a magnificent fisherman. The fellow fishermen also show respect towards the old man as they note the size of the fish after the old man returns home, â€Å"What a fish it was, there has never been such a fish† (123). The men admire the fact that the old man has caught the biggest fish that they have seen. Many fishermen resented Santiago at first, however their opinion changed once they realized what the old man has gone through. Being admired by others plays a major role in improving oneâ⠂¬â„¢s morale. Secondly, Santiago experiences material success because of the augmented physical strength he attains from the obstacles that he is forced to face. The old man is walking home to his shack after he returns from his strenuous journey, â€Å"He had to sit down five times before he reached his shack† (121). The old man is exhausted from his trip because he had spent so much energy catching the fish. Plenty of strength must have been gained from the exertion of this much energy. During the shark attacks, Santiago is optimistic about what good the bleeding from his hands will bring. â€Å"The bleeding may keep the left from cramping† (111). The old man is so strong that he uses the bleeding pain to suffocate a different source of pain. Not only that, but just the fact of keeping a positive attitude about a situation like this is a great accomplishment which can only be obtained from strength. Success in The Old Man and the Sea :: Ernest Hemmingway Success Comes in Many Forms Obtaining a goal can bring success to one’s outer â€Å"world† and to one’s inner spirit, the mind and soul. An achievement may bring recognition and respect from surrounding peers. It can also encourage one’s self esteem as well as give them more courage. In Ernest Hemmingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago receives outer, material formed success by earning the respect of his fellow peers and by attaining more physical strength. He also receives inner, spiritual formed success by gaining more self esteem. First, the old man receives outer success by earning the respect and appreciation of the boy and the other fishermen. The boy is speaking to the old man in his shack after the old man’s long journey, â€Å"You must get well fast for there is much that I can learn and you can teach me everything† (Hemmingway 126). The boy appreciates the fact that the old man spends time to teach him about fishing. He respects him a great deal for he knows that the old man is very wise and is a magnificent fisherman. The fellow fishermen also show respect towards the old man as they note the size of the fish after the old man returns home, â€Å"What a fish it was, there has never been such a fish† (123). The men admire the fact that the old man has caught the biggest fish that they have seen. Many fishermen resented Santiago at first, however their opinion changed once they realized what the old man has gone through. Being admired by others plays a major role in improving oneâ⠂¬â„¢s morale. Secondly, Santiago experiences material success because of the augmented physical strength he attains from the obstacles that he is forced to face. The old man is walking home to his shack after he returns from his strenuous journey, â€Å"He had to sit down five times before he reached his shack† (121). The old man is exhausted from his trip because he had spent so much energy catching the fish. Plenty of strength must have been gained from the exertion of this much energy. During the shark attacks, Santiago is optimistic about what good the bleeding from his hands will bring. â€Å"The bleeding may keep the left from cramping† (111). The old man is so strong that he uses the bleeding pain to suffocate a different source of pain. Not only that, but just the fact of keeping a positive attitude about a situation like this is a great accomplishment which can only be obtained from strength.

Comparison between Woman Work and Overheard in County Sligo Essay

Comparison between Woman Work and Overheard in County Sligo Woman Work and overheard in County Sligo are both poems which give us an image of the role of woman in the past, and how she contributed to society Through reading both these poems, it is apparent that both of the poets’ backgrounds have influenced the poems. In the past, women were not considered important in society, and their efforts were not valued, not even by woman herself. Women were expected to stay at home, and become housewives. Woman lived in a society in which there was pressure to get married, wither by family pressure or societal pressure. It was not necessary for woman to conform to the beliefs and wishes of society, but many women felt compelled to follow the typical image expected of woman. Maya Angelou and Gillian Clarke are two female poets who felt it was important to write about the situation that some woman had to live in. Maya Angelou is a black female who felt compelled to write about how woman were treated in the years before her. She felt her ancestors were suppressed, not only because of their African race but because they were woman. Her poem, Woman Work, is about a woman’s struggle everyday to keep up with life, and do the housework. The woman in Woman work is unhappy with her life. She has many jobs to do, and does not show any positive emotion towards them. She is constantly working, and this is her main priority in life. We know that she has children. She says ‘I’ve got the tots to dress’’. There is no mention of the children’s fat her in the poem, which may indicate that he gives her no help in the housework. The woman is very tired and flustered. She says ‘Let me rest tonight’, which implies that it i... ...pped by their lives. I think that even though the woman in ‘Overheard in County Sligo’ is richer, and may be more well-off than the woman in ‘Woman Work’, they are both unfortunate and have the same amount of pressure on them. I like both poems, but I prefer ‘Woman Work’ as I like the use of language and imagery in the last four verses. I like the lines ‘Fall softly dewdrops and cover me with white’ I think using nature at the end of the poem makes the poem better, as it emphasises all the lack of materialistic things she owns, and nature is all she has. I think the use of vocabulary is very good, and Maya Angelou has made the majority of the last four verses very peaceful. On the other hand, I like that ‘Overheard in County Sligo starts off with an overview of a woman, who, on the surface, has the perfect life, while she is secretly living in misery. Comparison between Woman Work and Overheard in County Sligo Essay Comparison between Woman Work and Overheard in County Sligo Woman Work and overheard in County Sligo are both poems which give us an image of the role of woman in the past, and how she contributed to society Through reading both these poems, it is apparent that both of the poets’ backgrounds have influenced the poems. In the past, women were not considered important in society, and their efforts were not valued, not even by woman herself. Women were expected to stay at home, and become housewives. Woman lived in a society in which there was pressure to get married, wither by family pressure or societal pressure. It was not necessary for woman to conform to the beliefs and wishes of society, but many women felt compelled to follow the typical image expected of woman. Maya Angelou and Gillian Clarke are two female poets who felt it was important to write about the situation that some woman had to live in. Maya Angelou is a black female who felt compelled to write about how woman were treated in the years before her. She felt her ancestors were suppressed, not only because of their African race but because they were woman. Her poem, Woman Work, is about a woman’s struggle everyday to keep up with life, and do the housework. The woman in Woman work is unhappy with her life. She has many jobs to do, and does not show any positive emotion towards them. She is constantly working, and this is her main priority in life. We know that she has children. She says ‘I’ve got the tots to dress’’. There is no mention of the children’s fat her in the poem, which may indicate that he gives her no help in the housework. The woman is very tired and flustered. She says ‘Let me rest tonight’, which implies that it i... ...pped by their lives. I think that even though the woman in ‘Overheard in County Sligo’ is richer, and may be more well-off than the woman in ‘Woman Work’, they are both unfortunate and have the same amount of pressure on them. I like both poems, but I prefer ‘Woman Work’ as I like the use of language and imagery in the last four verses. I like the lines ‘Fall softly dewdrops and cover me with white’ I think using nature at the end of the poem makes the poem better, as it emphasises all the lack of materialistic things she owns, and nature is all she has. I think the use of vocabulary is very good, and Maya Angelou has made the majority of the last four verses very peaceful. On the other hand, I like that ‘Overheard in County Sligo starts off with an overview of a woman, who, on the surface, has the perfect life, while she is secretly living in misery.